{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:55:22Z","timestamp":1787165722579,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD), is a complex disease with increasing global incidence and prevalence. Although dairy consumption has been linked to various chronic diseases, its relationship with IBD remains uncertain. Additionally, there is a lack of data on this topic from Arab countries. This study aimed to investigate the association between dairy consumption and IBD through a case\u2013control study among Arab populations, followed by a meta-analysis of available studies. Method: First, we used data from 158 UC patients, 244 CD patients, and 395 controls attending a polyclinic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All participants were aged \u2265 18 years. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of UC and CD for individuals who reported the highest versus the lowest frequencies of dairy consumption. Next, we conducted a meta-analysis, combining our results with those from other eligible studies after searching several databases. We used the I2 statistics to examine statistical heterogeneity across studies and the regression test for funnel plot asymmetry to assess publication bias. Results: The case\u2013control study showed a negative association between frequent dairy consumption and UC (OR (95% CI) = 0.64 (0.41, 1.00)) but not CD (OR (95% CI) = 0.97 (0.65, 1.45)). In the meta-analysis, the highest frequencies of dairy consumption were negatively associated with both UC and CD: ORs (95% CIs) = 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) and 0.72 (0.59, 0.87), respectively. A moderate heterogeneity across studies was noticed in the UC meta-analysis (I2 = 59.58%) and the CD meta-analysis (I2 = 41.16%). No publication bias was detected. Conclusions: Frequent dairy consumption could protect against the development of UC and CD, suggesting potential dietary recommendations in the context of IBD prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T05:19:36Z","timestamp":1724044776000},"page":"2747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dairy Consumption and Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Arab Adults: A Case\u2013Control Study and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anas M.","family":"Almofarreh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Deputyship for Health Investment Development, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham A.","family":"Sheerah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Vice Minister of Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita 564-8565, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1659-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Al Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Referrals Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidrous M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Referrals Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser M.","family":"Al-Otaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mystery Visitor Program, Education and Development Department, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Albaha University, Al Baha 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atif R.","family":"Aljubayl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Deputyship for International Collaborations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Aleid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Administration for Health Facilities Licensing, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suliman S.","family":"Alhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Administration for Health Facilities Licensing, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"113","author":"Wehkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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