{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:29:13Z","timestamp":1777044553371,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007220","name":"Victorian Health Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91-0095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91-0095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007220","name":"Victorian Health Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["299831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["299831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007220","name":"Victorian Health Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["251638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007220","name":"Victorian Health Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["628582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["628582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["91-0095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91-0095"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["299831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["299831"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["251638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251638"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["628582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["628582"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The important trace elements, copper and selenium, have diverse effects on human health. As well as other important roles in living tissues, these trace elements are toxic at high levels but are key constituents of various enzymes and proteins essential for maintaining physiological health. However, links between dietary intakes of these elements, particularly copper, and bone mineral density (BMD) in humans remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate whether dietary intakes of copper and selenium are associated with BMD in women. Dietary intakes of copper and selenium were assessed for 575 women in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study, using a detailed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in conjunction with nutrition composition databases. Participants taking oral multivitamin preparations were excluded from analyses; 522 participants (ages 20\u201388 y) met the eligibility criteria. BMD at multiple skeletal sites was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX-L). Separate multivariable regression models were developed to identify associations between copper and selenium intakes and BMD, after adjustments for age, anthropometry, other dietary factors, medication use, and lifestyle factors. Median (interquartile range) daily intake for copper was 1.5 mg (1.2\u20131.9) and for selenium, 72 \u03bcg (57\u201390). Low intakes (lowest tertile versus pooled upper tertiles) of copper and selenium were consistently associated with lower BMD at multiple skeletal sites. Fully adjusted models identified small but statistically significant differences in BMD, ranging from 1.8% to 4.0% for low copper intakes and 1.4% to 4.0% for low selenium intakes. Low dietary intakes of copper and selenium were both independently associated with lower BMD, at least in this sample of women. The results contribute to the evidence base for informing dietary recommendations for these trace elements with respect to their contributions to optimal bone health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T09:13:48Z","timestamp":1724145228000},"page":"2777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dietary Intakes of Copper and Selenium in Association with Bone Mineral Density"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8968-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Pasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine\u2013Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara B.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8770-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0693-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia K.","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara L.","family":"Holloway-Kew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3727\/000000005783982936","article-title":"Effects of copper and cross-linking on the extracellular matrix of tissue-engineered arteries","volume":"14","author":"Dahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9113-6_35","article-title":"Nutritional copper deficiency and penicillamine administration: Some effects on bone collagen and arterial elastin crosslinking","volume":"86B","author":"Rucker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ry\u0142, A., Miazgowski, T., Szyli\u0144ska, A., Turo\u0144-Skrzypi\u0144ska, A., Jurewicz, A., Bohatyrewicz, A., and Rotter, I. (2021). Bone health in aging men: Does zinc and cuprum level matter?. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020237"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10111","article-title":"Modulation of the proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by copper","volume":"85","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.960S","article-title":"Human whole-body copper metabolism","volume":"67","author":"Turnlund","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2022.83","article-title":"The contemporaneous epidemic of chronic, copper deficiency","volume":"11","author":"Klevay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2018.05.001","article-title":"Serum copper levels are associated with bone mineral density and total fracture","volume":"14","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Translat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600763","article-title":"Effect of dietary copper intakes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adult males","volume":"53","author":"Baker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.7.1060","article-title":"Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals","volume":"124","author":"Strause","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611576114","article-title":"Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18033292","article-title":"Selenium in the environment, metabolism and involvement in body functions","volume":"18","author":"Mehdi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00775-X","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappaB mediates over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 during activation of RAW 264.7 macrophages in selenium deficiency","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.127.BJR-2022-0420.R1","article-title":"The association between selenium and bone health: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2121","article-title":"Bone turnover and bone mineral density are independently related to selenium status in healthy euthyroid postmenopausal women","volume":"97","author":"Hoeg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr148","article-title":"Cohort profile: Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"41","author":"Pasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.8.1337","article-title":"The exclusion of high trauma fractures may underestimate the prevalence of bone fragility fractures in the community: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"13","author":"Sanders","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2000.tb01049.x","article-title":"Calcium intakes among Australian women: Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"30","author":"Pasco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"795","article-title":"Reproducibility of a meal-based food frequency questionnaire. The influence of format and time interval between questionnaires","volume":"48","author":"Wheeler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2011.12.008","article-title":"Dietary selenium and major depression: A nested case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Pasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0135-9","article-title":"The population burden of fractures originates in women with osteopenia, not osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Pasco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8299-0","article-title":"Plasma copper and bone mineral density in osteopenia: An indicator of bone mineral density in osteopenic females","volume":"129","author":"Chaudhri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"18","article-title":"Copper, magnesium, zinc and calcium status in osteopenic and osteoporotic post-menopausal women","volume":"12","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-670X(1996)9:3<87::AID-JTRA1>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Copper supplementation and the maintenance of bone mineral density in middle-aged women","volume":"9","author":"McIlrath","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03938-z","article-title":"Relationship between zinc, selenium, and magnesium status and markers of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes","volume":"202","author":"Cruz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Meng, S., Yu, Y., Bi, L., Tian, J., and Zhang, L. (2024). Associations of dietary selenium intake with the risk of chronic diseases and mortality in US adults. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1363299"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-3441","article-title":"Association between dietary selenium intake and bone mineral density in the US general population","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.3.581","article-title":"Lack of a relation between vitamin and mineral antioxidants and bone mineral density: Results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"82","author":"Wolf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2023.07.014","article-title":"Independent and combined associations of dietary antioxidant intake with bone mineral density and risk of osteoporosis among elderly population in United States","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/16\/2777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:39:47Z","timestamp":1760110787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/16\/2777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16162777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16162777","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}}}