{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T21:06:49Z","timestamp":1787692009420,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Foundation","award":["GAP21-86"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAP21-86"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Foundation","award":["RPAC 19-02\u2013IK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPAC 19-02\u2013IK"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amino acid (AA)-related inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) and urea cycle disorders (UCDs) require strict dietary management including foods low in protein such as fruits, vegetables and starchy roots. Despite this recommendation, there are limited data on the AA content of many of these foods. The aim of this study is to describe an analysis of the protein and AA content of a range of fruits, vegetables and starchy roots, specifically focusing on amino acids (AAs) relevant to AA-related IMDs such as phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys) and tyrosine (Tyr). AA analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on 165 food samples. Protein analysis was also carried out using the Dumas method. Foods were classified as either \u2018Fruits\u2019, \u2018Dried fruits\u2019, \u2018Cruciferous vegetables\u2019, \u2018Legumes\u2019, \u2018Other vegetables\u2019 or \u2018Starchy roots\u2019. \u2018Dried fruits\u2019 and \u2018Legumes\u2019 had the highest median values of protein, while \u2018Fruits\u2019 and \u2018Cruciferous vegetables\u2019 contained the lowest median results. \u2018Legumes\u2019 contained the highest and \u2018Fruits\u2019 had the lowest median values for all five AAs. Variations were seen in AA content for individual foods. The results presented in this study provide useful data on the protein and AA content of fruits, vegetables and starchy roots which can be used in clinical practice. This further expansion of the current literature will help to improve diet quality and metabolic control among individuals with AA-related IMDs and UCDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:38:43Z","timestamp":1724416723000},"page":"2812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Determination of the Protein and Amino Acid Content of Fruit, Vegetables and Starchy Roots for Use in Inherited Metabolic Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"Boyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children\u2019s Health Ireland, Temple Street, D01 XD99 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V2P1 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5782-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare M.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V2P1 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALS Laboratories (UK) Limited, ALS Food and Pharmaceutical, Medcalfe Way, Bridge St., Chatteris PE16 6QZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Parr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALS Laboratories (UK) Limited, ALS Food and Pharmaceutical, Medcalfe Way, Bridge St., Chatteris PE16 6QZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4413-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caoimhe","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children\u2019s Health Ireland, Temple Street, D01 XD99 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Knerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children\u2019s Health Ireland, Temple Street, D01 XD99 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children\u2019s Health Ireland, Temple Street, D01 XD99 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/jmd2.12320","article-title":"Trends and outcomes of children, adolescents, and adults hospitalized with inherited metabolic disorders: A population-based cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Hauser","year":"2022","journal-title":"JIMD Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615586201","article-title":"Inherited Metabolic Disorders: Aspects of Chronic Nutrition Management","volume":"30","author":"Boyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, V. (2020). Disorders of amino acid metabolism, organic acidaemias and urea cycle disorders. Clinical Paediatric Dietetics, Wiley Blackwell. [5th ed.]. Chapter 28.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119467205"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold, J.I., and Stepien, K.M. (2022). Healthcare Transition in Inherited Metabolic Disorders-Is a Collaborative Approach between US and European Centers Possible?. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195805"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.091637","article-title":"The incidence of inherited metabolic disorders in the West Midlands, UK","volume":"91","author":"Sanderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO\/FAO\/UNU (2007). Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition: Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO\/UNU Expert Consultation, United Nations University."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, A., Ilgaz, F., Evans, S., van Dam, E., Rocha, J.C., Karabulut, E., Hickson, M., Daly, A., and MacDonald, A. (2023). Phenylalanine Tolerance over Time in Phenylketonuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163506"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"87","article-title":"Table of Phenylalanine Content of Foods: Comparative Analysis of Data Compiled in Food Composition Tables","volume":"34","author":"Marquez","year":"2017","journal-title":"JIMD Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, S., Ilgaz, F., Hawker, S., Cochrane, B., Hill, M., Ellerton, C., and MacDonald, A. (2023). Amino Acid Analyses of Plant Foods Used in the Dietary Management of Inherited Amino Acid Disorders. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102387"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Souci, S.W., Fachmann, W., and Kraut, H. (2016). Food Composition and Nutrition Tables, MedPharm Scientific Publishers. 8th revised and completed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12566","article-title":"Recommendations for diagnosing and managing individuals with glutaric aciduria type 1: Third revision","volume":"46","author":"Boy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Paul, A.A., Southgate, D.A.T., and Russell, J. (1980). First Supplement to McCance and Widdowson\u2019s the Composition of Foods. Amino Acid Composition (per 100 g Foods), Fatty Acid Composition (per 100 g Foods), H.M.S.O."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083293","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4083293","article-title":"Multiclinic Observations on the Simplified Diet in PKU","volume":"2017","author":"Bernstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-017-0685-2","article-title":"The complete European guidelines on phenylketonuria: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"12","author":"MacDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025150901439","article-title":"Free use of fruits and vegetables in phenylketonuria","volume":"26","author":"MacDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000324924","article-title":"Adult patients with well-controlled phenylketonuria tolerate incidental additional intake of phenylalanine","volume":"58","author":"Hoeksma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2021.0111","article-title":"Evaluation of the Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables by Phenylketonurics in the Metabolic Control of Phenylalanine: An Integrative Review","volume":"25","author":"Minighin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, A., Daly, A., Rocha, J.C., Ashmore, C., Evans, S., Jackson, R., Payne, A., Hickson, M., and MacDonald, A. (2022). Impact of Fruit and Vegetable Protein vs. Milk Protein on Metabolic Control of Children with Phenylketonuria: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204268"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, A., Daly, A., Rocha, J.C., Ashmore, C., Evans, S., Jackson, R., Hickson, M., and MacDonald, A. (2023). Preliminary Data on Free Use of Fruits and Vegetables Containing Phenylalanine 76\u2013100 mg\/100 g of Food in 16 Children with Phenylketonuria: 6 Months Follow-Up. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133046"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.205","article-title":"Unrestricted consumption of fruits and vegetables in phenylketonuria: No major impact on metabolic control","volume":"66","author":"Rohde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.272","article-title":"Unrestricted fruits and vegetables in the PKU diet: A 1-year follow-up","volume":"68","author":"Rohde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2012.04.016","article-title":"Positive effect of a simplified diet on blood phenylalanine control in different phenylketonuria variants, characterized by newborn BH4 loading test and PAH analysis","volume":"106","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.03.004","article-title":"Dietary management practices in phenylketonuria across European centres","volume":"28","author":"Ahring","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2006.00696.x","article-title":"The determination of phenylalanine content of foods suitable for phenylketonuria","volume":"19","author":"Weetch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2024, June 21). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Publications. World Health Organisation (WHO) Fruits and Vegetables. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Handbooks-Of-Cancer-Prevention\/Fruit-And-Vegetables-2003."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631647","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3631647","article-title":"Roots and Tuber Crops as Functional Foods: A Review on Phytochemical Constituents and Their Potential Health Benefits","volume":"2016","author":"Chandrasekara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2008.11.012","article-title":"Classification of fruits and vegetables","volume":"22S","author":"Pennington","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, J., Pearson, E., and Grafenauer, S. (2022). Legumes\u2014A comprehensive exploration of global food-base dietary guidelines and consumption. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153080"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002154","article-title":"Health benefits of fruits and vegetables","volume":"3","author":"Slavin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1632258","article-title":"Fruits, vegetables, and health: A comprehensive narrative, umbrella review of the science and recommendations for enhanced public policy to improve intake","volume":"60","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mytton, O.T., Nnoaham, K., Eyles, H., Scarborough, P., and Ni Mhurchu, C. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of increased vegetable and fruit consumption on body weight and energy intake. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-886"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) (2024, June 21). Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption to Reduce the Risk of Noncommunicable Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/elena\/interventions\/fruit-vegetables-ncds."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.036491","article-title":"The burden of food related ill health in the UK","volume":"59","author":"Rayner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0380-y","article-title":"Critical review: Vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases","volume":"51","author":"Boeing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014223","article-title":"Amino acid composition of food products used in the treatment of patients with disorders of the amino acid and protein metabolism","volume":"155","author":"Bremer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.113956","article-title":"Ripening stage impacts nutritional components, antiglycemic potential, digestibility and antioxidant properties of grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) fruit","volume":"178","author":"Bonin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137645","article-title":"Chemical characterization-function relationship of pectins from persimmon fruit within different ripeness","volume":"435","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00345-X","article-title":"Compositional changes during guava fruit ripening","volume":"80","author":"Bashir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"33","article-title":"Compositional changes during mango fruit ripening","volume":"1","year":"1993","journal-title":"Univ. Khartoum J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staveckien\u0117, J., Medveckien\u0117, B., Va\u0161takait\u0117-Kairien\u0117, V., Kulaitien\u0117, J., and Jarien\u0117, E. (2024). Amino Acid Changes during Maturation in Solanum Fruit. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14060802"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS04476-18","article-title":"Changes in Free Amino Acid Content in the Flesh and Peel of \u2018Cavendish\u2019 Banana Fruit as Related to Branched-chain Ester Production, Ripening, and Senescence. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"143","author":"Alsmairat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"610","article-title":"Effect of environmental factors on vegetables production","volume":"9","author":"Divya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.07.167","article-title":"Influence of cold stress on contents of soluble sugars, vitamin C and free amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea)","volume":"218","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.10.014","article-title":"Food quality assessment in organic vs. conventional agricultural produce: Findings and issues","volume":"123","author":"Gomiero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Chandra Yadav, K., and Sinha, K. (2022). Storage behaviour of fresh fruits and vegetables: A review. Res. Pap. UGC Care List. (Group-I), 11."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-9969(02)00065-0","article-title":"Soluble protein content in minimally processed vegetables during storage","volume":"35","author":"Masih","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.65.264","article-title":"Effects of Cooking Methods on Free Amino Acid Contents in Vegetables","volume":"65","author":"Ito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1000251","article-title":"Effect of three cooking methods on nutrient components and antioxidant capacities of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu et C.S. Chao)","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"220","article-title":"Preserving nutrition: The vital role of nutrients in modern food preservation","volume":"8","author":"Dahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Technol. Pres."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2825","article-title":"Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables. Part 1. Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds","volume":"87","author":"Rickman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(97)00165-9","article-title":"A comparison of the vitamin C content of fresh and frozen vegetables","volume":"62","author":"Favell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2010.09.001","article-title":"Study of the convective drying of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima)","volume":"89","author":"Pinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.859563","article-title":"Quality properties of fruits as affected by drying operation","volume":"57","author":"Omolola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition (2013). Report of an FAQ Expert Consultation. FAO Food Nutr. Pap., 92, 1\u201366."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzler, S.R., Lieblein-Boff, J.C., Weiler, M., and Allgeier, C. (2020). Plant Proteins: Assessing their nutritional quality and effects on health and physical function. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123704"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e4rhold, F., Meyer, U., Neugebauer, A.K., Thimm, E.M., Lier, D., Rosenbaum-Fabian, S., Och, U., Fekete, A., M\u00f6slinger, D., and Rohde, C. (2021). Hepatorenal Tyrosinaemia: Impact of a Simplified Diet on Metabolic Control and Clinical Outcome. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010134"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"GMDI (2024, June 21). Leucine and Protein Content of Foods Appropriate for Individuals on a Leucine-Restricted Diet. Available online: https:\/\/www.gmdi.org\/Resources\/Leucine-and-Protein-Content-of-Foods."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00091a023","article-title":"Nonprotein nitrogen contents of animal and plant foods","volume":"38","author":"Imafidon","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, M. (2020). Measuring Protein Content in Food: An Overview of Methods. Food, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101340"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.2.246","article-title":"The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic","volume":"92","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2007.00818.x","article-title":"Portion size selection of fruits and vegetables by 9- to 10-year-old children in Liverpool","volume":"20","author":"Mullarkey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/17\/2812\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:41:58Z","timestamp":1760110918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/17\/2812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16172812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16172812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]}}}