{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:49:19Z","timestamp":1790714959416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is associated with significant alterations in body composition, including malnutrition due to insufficient intake, chronic inflammation and increased energy expenditure. Identifying the prevalence of malnutrition and the risk of sarcopenia in patients with HF is crucial to improve clinical outcomes. Material and methods: This cross-sectional, single-center, observational study involved 121 outpatients diagnosed with HF. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and the Subjective Global Rating (SGA). Sarcopenia was screened using the SARC-F (Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, Falls) questionnaire and diagnosed based on the European Working Group in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria and functionality with the Short Performance Battery (SPPB) test. Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. Results: The study found that 10.7% had cardiac cachexia and 45.4% of deceased patients had been in this condition (p = 0.002). Moderate-to-high risk of malnutrition was identified in 37.1%, 23.9%, and 31.4% of patients according to the MNA, MUST, and SGA tests, respectively. According to the GLIM criteria, 56.2% of patients were malnourished. Additionally, 24.8% of patients had a high probability of sarcopenia, and 57.8% were not autonomous according to SPPB. Patients with less than 30% quadriceps muscle contraction were at a high risk of sarcopenia. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among outpatients with HF, which is associated with worse prognosis, increased risk of sarcopenia, and greater frailty. These findings underscore the importance of early nutritional and functional assessments in this population to improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1724658817000},"page":"2853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nutritional Assessment in Outpatients with Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Regina","family":"L\u00f3pez Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4266-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Argente Pla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mic\u00f3 Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Dura de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Gasc\u00f3 Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Mart\u00edn Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-4504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Merino Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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