{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1791589861446,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/6-006-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-006-05"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["UK\/US\/06\/2022\/01\/00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UK\/US\/06\/2022\/01\/00004"]}]},{"name":"ALAB Laboratories","award":["503\/6-006-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-006-05"]}]},{"name":"ALAB Laboratories","award":["UK\/US\/06\/2022\/01\/00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UK\/US\/06\/2022\/01\/00004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The causes of functional constipation (FC) in adults are unclear, but changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between urinary metabolites of dopamine and serotonin and some dysbiosis indicators in patients with FC. The study included 40 healthy women and 40 women with FC aged 21\u201346 years. Methods: Urinary levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydoxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PhAc), and 3-indoxyl sulfate, as final metabolites of dopamine, serotonin, and indole pathway, respectively, were determined using the LC-Ms\/Ms method. However, hydrogen\u2013methane and ammonia breath tests were performed. The GA-map Dysbiosis Test was used to identify and characterize the dysbiosis index (DI). Results: In patients with FC, the DI was significantly higher than in the control group: 4.05 \u00b1 0.53 vs. 1.52 \u00b1 0.81 points (p &lt; 0.001), but the number of many types of bacteria varied among individuals. The levels of HVA were higher, while 5-HIAA levels were lower in patients. Moreover, the HVA\/5-HIAA ratio had a positive correlation with DI as well as with the severity of symptoms. Conclusions: In patients with functional constipation, the balance in dopamine and serotonin secretion is disturbed, which is associated with changes in the gut microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T05:54:47Z","timestamp":1725429287000},"page":"2981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of Urinary Dopamine and Serotonin Metabolites in Relation to Dysbiosis Indicators in Patients with Functional Constipation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Chojnacki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2300-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Pop\u0142awski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kaczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Romanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1620-4775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezary","family":"Chojnacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"G\u0105siorowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassotti, G. 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