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However, the mechanisms through which confined environments affect human health remain unclear. Therefore, this study simulates a strictly controlled confined environment and employs integrative multi-omics techniques to analyze the alterations in gut microbiota and metabolites of workers under such conditions. The aim is to identify metabolic biomarkers and elucidate the relationship between gut microbiota and metabolites. High-throughput sequencing results showed that a confined environment significantly affects gut microbial composition and clusters subjects\u2019 gut microbiota into two enterotypes (Bla and Bi). Differences in abundance of genera Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Ruminococcus_gnavus_group, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella and Succinivibronaceae UCG-002 were significant. Untarget metabolomics analyses showed that the confined environment resulted in significant alterations in intestinal metabolites and increased the activity of the body\u2019s amino acid metabolism and bile acid metabolism pathways. Among the metabolites that differed after confined environment living, four metabolites such as uric acid and beta-PHENYL-gamma-aminobutyric acid may be potential biomarkers. Further correlation analysis demonstrated a strong association between the composition of the subjects\u2019 gut microbiota and these four biomarkers. This study provides valuable reference data for improving the health status of workers in confined environments and facilitates the subsequent proposal of targeted prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T06:44:29Z","timestamp":1725518669000},"page":"2998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Revealing Interactions of Gut Microbiota and Metabolite in Confined Environments Using High-Throughput Sequencing and Metabolomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ziying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haodan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3966-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beiwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianzhong","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, S.T., Brown, S.G., and Mitchell, T. 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