{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:14:29Z","timestamp":1793834069552,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Food and Drug Administration (MFDA)","award":["24192MFDS068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24192MFDS068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disorder (MASLD) is increasingly prevalent globally, highlighting the need for preventive strategies and early interventions. This comprehensive review explores the potential of health functional foods (HFFs) to maintain healthy liver function and prevent MASLD through an integrative analysis of network pharmacology, gut microbiota, and multi-omics approaches. We first examined the biomarkers associated with MASLD, emphasizing the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. We then applied network pharmacology to identify food components with potential beneficial effects on liver health and metabolic function, elucidating their action mechanisms. This review identifies and evaluates strategies for halting or reversing the development of steatotic liver disease in the early stages, as well as biomarkers that can evaluate the success or failure of such strategies. The crucial role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites for MASLD prevention and metabolic homeostasis is discussed. We also cover state-of-the-art omics approaches, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, and integrated multi-omics analyses, in research on preventing MASLD. These advanced technologies provide deeper insights into physiological mechanisms and potential biomarkers for HFF development. The review concludes by proposing an integrated approach for developing HFFs targeting MASLD prevention, considering the Korean regulatory framework. We outline future research directions that bridge the gap between basic science and practical applications in health functional food development. This narrative review provides a foundation for researchers and food industry professionals interested in developing HFFs to support liver health. Emphasis is placed on maintaining metabolic balance and focusing on prevention and early-stage intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T03:55:17Z","timestamp":1726026917000},"page":"3061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Biomarkers for Health Functional Foods in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disorder (MASLD) Prevention: An Integrative Analysis of Network Pharmacology, Gut Microbiota, and Multi-Omics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9166-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Soo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for K-FOOD Microbiome, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Wan","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for K-FOOD Microbiome, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1103-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for K-FOOD Microbiome, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James W.","family":"Daily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of R&D, Daily Manufacturing Inc., Rockwell, NC 28138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6092-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity\/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseoro79bungil, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes23052","article-title":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10094-2","article-title":"The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-23-118","article-title":"Global burden of adult non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been steadily increasing over the past decades and is expected to persist in the future","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1499","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1499","article-title":"Liver fibrosis: Pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Berumen","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Wang, J., Xiao, W., and Fan, X. (2024). A review of MASLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Progress in pathogenesis, early detection, and therapeutic interventions. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1410668"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanai, H., Adachi, H., Hakoshima, M., Iida, S., and Katsuyama, H. (2023). Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease-Its Pathophysiology, Association with Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease, and Treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1062.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Yin, X., Liu, Z., and Wang, J. (2022). Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Pathogenesis and Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415489"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., and Park, S. (2024). The Role of PNPLA3_rs738409 Gene Variant, Lifestyle Factors, and Bioactive Compounds in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based and Molecular Approach towards Healthy Nutrition. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081239"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Wu, X., Wang, X., Zhou, J.Y., and Park, S. (2024). Microbial Dysbiosis Linked to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Asians: Prevotella copri Promotes Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Network Instability in the Prevotella Enterotype. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042183"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Shi, J., Song, L., Xu, J., Lu, H., Sun, J., Hou, J., Chen, J., Wu, W., and Gong, L. (2022). Multi-Omics Integration Analysis Identifies Lipid Disorder of a Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Mouse Model Improved by Zexie\u2013Baizhu Decoction. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.858795"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.518623","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity","volume":"43","author":"Musso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"444","article-title":"Fatty liver disease--a practical guide for GPs","volume":"42","author":"Iser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S248444","article-title":"Optimal Body Fat Percentage Cut-Off Values in Predicting the Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Macek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.03001.x","article-title":"Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men","volume":"65","author":"Pettersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00874-x","article-title":"Histological assessment based on liver biopsy: The value and challenges in NASH drug development","volume":"43","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, W., and Song, J.S. (2023). Non-invasive imaging methods to evaluate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with fat quantification: A review. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111852"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, F., Tahir ul Qamar, M., Ashfaq, U.A., Albutti, A., Alwashmi, A.S.S., and Aljasir, M.A. (2022). Network Pharmacology Approach for Medicinal Plants: Review and Assessment. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050572"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., Hou, W., Liang, J., Fang, P., Dou, B., Wang, Z., Sai, J., Xu, T., Ma, C., and Zhang, Q. (2021). Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis on the Potential Biological Mechanisms of Sinisan Against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.693701"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13502","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in Japan: A targeted literature review","volume":"50","author":"Eguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res. Off. J. Jpn. Soc. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190117102111","article-title":"Diagnosis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Current Concepts","volume":"24","author":"Papatheodoridi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.019","article-title":"Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00880-z","article-title":"Bile acid and receptors: Biology and drug discovery for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"43","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottlieb, A., and Canbay, A. (2019). Why Bile Acids Are So Important in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Progression. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111358"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Z., Wei, Y., Peng, J., Wang, S., Chen, G., and Sun, J. (2023). The Potential Role of C-Reactive Protein in Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Aging. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102711"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000890","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000890","article-title":"Association of moderately elevated trimethylamine N-oxide with cardiovascular risk: Is TMAO serving as a marker for hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"6","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., and Vitetta, L. (2020). Gut Microbiota Metabolites in NAFLD Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155214"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.17982","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease: A review of shared cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"79","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324162","article-title":"NAFLD in lean individuals: Not a benign disease","volume":"71","author":"Francque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y., Gottmann, P., Wang, S., Tissink, J., Motzler, K., Sekar, R., Albrecht, W., Cadenas, C., Hengstler, J.G., and Sch\u00fcrmann, A. (2024). Induction of steatosis in primary human hepatocytes recapitulates key pathophysiological aspects of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J. Hepatol., 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.06.040"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujii, H., Kawada, N., and Japan Study Group of Nafld Jsg-Nafld (2020). The role of insulin resistance and diabetes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113863"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0","article-title":"Trends in insulin resistance: Insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E653","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00620.2020","article-title":"100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin perspective: Insulin and adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism","volume":"320","author":"Carpentier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrin. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakurai, Y., Kubota, N., Yamauchi, T., and Kadowaki, T. (2021). Role of insulin resistance in MAFLD. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084156"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Tian, X., Wu, H., Huang, J., Li, M., Mei, Z., Zhou, L., Xie, H., and Zheng, S. (2021). Metabolic changes of hepatocytes in NAFLD. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.710420"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"London, A., Lundsgaard, A.-M., Kiens, B., and Bojsen-M\u00f8ller, K.N. (2021). The role of hepatic fat accumulation in glucose and insulin homeostasis dysregulation by the liver. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030390"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230313","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0313","article-title":"An adipocentric perspective of pancreatic lipotoxicity in diabetes pathogenesis","volume":"262","author":"Risi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Wang, Z., and Qin, H. (2024). Examining the Pathogenesis of MAFLD and the Medicinal Properties of Natural Products from a Metabolic Perspective. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14040218"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226916","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2226916","article-title":"Neglected gut microbiome: Interactions of the non-bacterial gut microbiota with enteric pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Jaswal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Filippis, A., Ullah, H., Baldi, A., Dacrema, M., Esposito, C., Garzarella, E.U., Santarcangelo, C., Tantipongpiradet, A., and Daglia, M. (2020). Gastrointestinal disorders and metabolic syndrome: Dysbiosis as a key link and common bioactive dietary components useful for their treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144929"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104466","article-title":"Re-thinking functional food development through a holistic approach","volume":"81","author":"Alongi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banwo, K., Olojede, A.O., Adesulu-Dahunsi, A.T., Verma, D.K., Thakur, M., Tripathy, S., Singh, S., Patel, A.R., Gupta, A.K., and Aguilar, C.N. (2021). Functional importance of bioactive compounds of foods with Potential Health Benefits: A review on recent trends. Food Biosci., 43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101320"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114870","article-title":"Systematic characterization of the metabolites of defatted walnut powder extract in vivo and screening of the mechanisms against NAFLD by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS combined with network pharmacology","volume":"285","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331460","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2331460","article-title":"Breaking the barriers: The role of gut homeostasis in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)","volume":"16","author":"Cubero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marroncini, G., Naldi, L., Martinelli, S., and Amedei, A. (2024). Gut\u2013Liver\u2013Pancreas Axis Crosstalk in Health and Disease: From the Role of Microbial Metabolites to Innovative Microbiota Manipulating Strategies. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071398"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, N., Yang, Y., Li, X., Wang, Y., Guo, R., Wang, X., Li, J., Xie, Z., Li, B., and Cui, W. (2022). Effects of dietary nutrients on fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction (MAFLD): Based on the intestinal-hepatic Axis. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.906511"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portincasa, P., Bonfrate, L., Khalil, M., Angelis, M.D., Calabrese, F.M., D\u2019amato, M., Wang, D.Q.-H., and Di Ciaula, A. (2021). Intestinal barrier and permeability in health, obesity and NAFLD. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010083"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09843-z","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and gut microbial dysbiosis-underlying mechanisms and gut microbiota mediated treatment strategies","volume":"24","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., and Wang, B. (2021). The gut-liver axis in health and disease: The role of gut microbiota-derived signals in liver injury and regeneration. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.775526"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Mao, Z., Ye, X., and Zuo, T. (2021). Human gut microbiome and liver diseases: From correlation to causation. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051017"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i11.1651","article-title":"Microbiome-liver crosstalk: A multihit therapeutic target for liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Kirundi","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137597","article-title":"Homeostasis of gut microbiota protects against polychlorinated biphenyl 126-induced metabolic dysfunction in liver of mice","volume":"720","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Gu, Y., Li, L., Liu, T., Song, X., Sun, Y., Cao, X., Wang, B., Jiang, K., and Cao, H. (2021). Bile acid\u2013gut microbiota axis in inflammatory bowel disease: From bench to bedside. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093143"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Liang, Q., Balakrishnan, B., Belobrajdic, D.P., Feng, Q.-J., and Zhang, W. (2020). Role of dietary nutrients in the modulation of gut microbiota: A narrative review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020381"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"3611","article-title":"A mixture of mulberry and silk amino acids protected against D-galactosamine induced acute liver damage by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation in HepG2 cells and rats","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1703","article-title":"Protection against Alzheimer\u2019s disease by luteolin: Role of brain glucose regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and the gut microbiota-liver-brain axis","volume":"47","author":"Daily","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, C.-J., Ha, K.-C., Baek, H.-I., Yang, H.-J., Kim, M.-J., and Park, S.-J. (2021). Efficacy and safety of aronia, red ginseng, shiitake mushroom, and nattokinase mixture on insulin resistance in prediabetic adults: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10071558"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.015","article-title":"Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Raman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, W., Wu, N., Wang, X., Chi, Y., Zhang, Y., Qiu, X., Hu, Y., Li, J., and Liu, Y. (2015). Dysbiosis gut microbiota associated with inflammation and impaired mucosal immune function in intestine of humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08096"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26319","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"58","author":"Mouzaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiippala, K., Jouhten, H., Ronkainen, A., Hartikainen, A., Kainulainen, V., Jalanka, J., and Satokari, R. (2018). The potential of gut commensals in reinforcing intestinal barrier function and alleviating inflammation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080988"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, S., Wong, V.W.-S., Zhang, X., and Yu, J. (2024). Interplay between gut microbiome, host genetic and epigenetic modifications in MASLD and MASLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332398"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.10.014","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition in lean patients with NASH is associated with liver damage independent of caloric intake: A prospective pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovas. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007","article-title":"Regulation of intestinal barrier function by microbial metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0058921","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00589-21","article-title":"The age of next-generation therapeutic-microbe discovery: Exploiting microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions for disease prevention","volume":"90","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172671","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2172671","article-title":"Bile acids as modulators of gut microbiota composition and function","volume":"15","author":"Larabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4","article-title":"Bile acid physiology","volume":"16","author":"Garruti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28709","article-title":"Bile acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Arab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.12.024","article-title":"Ileitis promotes MASLD progression via bile acid modulation and enhanced TGR5 signaling in ileal CD8(+) T cells","volume":"80","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00070-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00070-16","article-title":"Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling Shapes the Gut Microbiota and Controls Hepatic Lipid Metabolism","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13376","article-title":"Systematic review: Microbial dysbiosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Wieland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.008","article-title":"Bile acids control inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renga, B., Mencarelli, A., Cipriani, S., D\u2019Amore, C., Carino, A., Bruno, A., Francisci, D., Zampella, A., Distrutti, E., and Fiorucci, S. (2013). The bile acid sensor FXR is required for immune-regulatory activities of TLR-9 in intestinal inflammation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054472"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G554","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00223.2019","article-title":"Bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 signaling in fatty liver diseases and therapy","volume":"318","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2023.09.002","article-title":"Microbial transformations of bile acids and their receptors in the regulation of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., Jiang, S., Zhao, X., Li, H., Lin, W., Li, B., Lu, J., Sun, Y., and Yuan, J. (2016). Community-metabolome correlations of gut microbiota from child-turcotte-pugh of A and B patients. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01856"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.85","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-015-0500-2","article-title":"FXR agonists as therapeutic agents for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.003","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"5","author":"Fachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M016246","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol exacerbates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in obese LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"52","author":"Subramanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2845","article-title":"You are what you eat","volume":"32","author":"Parkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312729","article-title":"Gut microbiome and liver diseases","volume":"65","author":"Tilg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.018","article-title":"The colonic crypt protects stem cells from microbiota-derived metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Kaiko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carretta, M.D., Quiroga, J., L\u00f3pez, R., Hidalgo, M.A., and Burgos, R.A. (2021). Participation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Receptors in Gut Inflammation and Colon Cancer. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.662739"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ang, Z., and Ding, J.L. (2016). GPR41 and GPR43 in Obesity and Inflammation\u2009\u2013\u2009Protective or Causative?. Front. Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00028"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","article-title":"Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity","volume":"16","author":"Rooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600165","article-title":"Diet-derived short chain fatty acids stimulate intestinal epithelial cells to induce mucosal tolerogenic dendritic cells","volume":"198","author":"Goverse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa, R.O., Vieira, A., Sernaglia, E., Lancellotti, M., Vieira, A., Avila-Campos, M.J., Rodrigues, H., and Vinolo, M. (2017). Bacterial short-chain fatty acid metabolites modulate the inflammatory response against infectious bacteria. Cell Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12720"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0484","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000484","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in MASLD: Implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.01.060","article-title":"Changes of flavin-containing monooxygenases and trimethylamine-N-oxide may be involved in the promotion of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by intestinal microbiota metabolite trimethylamine","volume":"594","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.M., Liu, Y., Zhou, R.F., Chen, X.L., Wang, C., Tan, X.Y., Wang, L.J., Zheng, R.D., Zhang, H.W., and Ling, W.H. (2016). Associations of gut-flora-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide, betaine and choline with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19076"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Cao, Z.-M., Zhang, L.-L., Li, J.-m., and Lv, W.-l. (2022). The role of gut microbiota in some liver diseases: From an immunological perspective. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923599"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01673-4","article-title":"Gut liver brain axis in diseases: The implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allam-Ndoul, B., Castonguay-Paradis, S., and Veilleux, A. (2020). Gut microbiota and intestinal trans-epithelial permeability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176402"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00592-6","article-title":"Gut microbiome, liver immunology, and liver diseases","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm22008","article-title":"Enterochromaffin cells\u2013gut microbiota crosstalk: Underpinning the symptoms, pathogenesis, and pharmacotherapy in disorders of gut-brain interaction","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2016.03.015","article-title":"5-HT 2 receptor mediates high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and very low density lipoprotein overproduction in rats","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gozzi-Silva, S.C., Teixeira, F.M.E., Duarte, A.J.d.S., Sato, M.N., and Oliveira, L.d.M. (2021). Immunomodulatory role of nutrients: How can pulmonary dysfunctions improve?. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.674258"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Gaspar, B.S., Profir, M., Rosu, O.A., Ionescu, R.F., and Cretoiu, S.M. (2024). The Intestinal Microbiome in Humans: Its Role for a Healthy Life and in the Onset of Diseases. Hum. Physiol. Ann."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, X., Sun, X., Cheng, D., Liu, S., Pan, C.Q., and Xing, H. (2024). Intestinal microbiome-targeted therapies improve liver function in alcohol-related liver disease by restoring bifidobacteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1274261"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","article-title":"Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"San Yeoh, B. (2020). Dysregulated Gut Microbial Fermentation of Dietary Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice, The Pennsylvania State University."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojek, M., Jab\u0142o\u0144ska, A., and Adrych, K. (2021). The role of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184055"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G42","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00017.2023","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"325","author":"Kaufmanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristofori, F., Dargenio, V.N., Dargenio, C., Miniello, V.L., Barone, M., and Francavilla, R. (2021). Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: A door to the body. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10071","article-title":"In vivo safety assessment of Lactobacillus fermentum strains, evaluation of their cholesterol-lowering ability and intestinal microbial modulation","volume":"100","author":"Thumu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.050","article-title":"Population-scale tissue transcriptomics maps long non-coding RNAs to complex disease","volume":"184","author":"Nachun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamble, S.C., and Ghosh, P. (2024). Defining omic-based biomarker signatures of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): In vitro studies. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng., 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2024.100534"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002273","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002273","article-title":"The nuclear orphan receptor NR2F6 promotes hepatic steatosis through upregulation of fatty acid transporter CD36","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1442","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA expression profiles in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3079","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: Biological functions and applications","volume":"33","author":"Santosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-019-0085-2","article-title":"miR-122 promotes hepatic lipogenesis via inhibiting the LKB1\/AMPK pathway by targeting Sirt1 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1178-0","article-title":"A micro-RNA expression signature for human NAFLD progression","volume":"51","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04269-0","article-title":"Acetylation of H3K27 activated lncRNA NEAT1 and promoted hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulating miR-212-5p\/GRIA3","volume":"477","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, K., Koda, M., Okamoto, T., Onoyama, T., Miyoshi, K., Kishina, M., Matono, T., Kato, J., Tokunaga, S., and Sugihara, T. (2020). Serum miR-379 expression is related to the development and progression of hypercholesterolemia in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219412"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Dou, G., and Wang, L. (2021). MicroRNAs in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Biol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59588"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-1145","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNA lncRHPL Regulates Hepatic VLDL Secretion by Modulating hnRNPU\/BMAL1\/MTTP Axis","volume":"71","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100584","article-title":"Silencing lncRNA NEAT1 reduces nonalcoholic fatty liver fat deposition by regulating the miR-139-5p\/c-Jun\/SREBP-1c pathway","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0383-6","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by a global modulation of hepatic mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5290-2","article-title":"CircScd1 promotes fatty liver disease via the janus kinase 2\/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 pathway","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X.-Y., He, C.-X., Wang, Y.-Q., Sun, C., Li, G.-M., Su, Q., Pan, Q., and Fan, J.-G. (2017). Circular RNA profiling and bioinformatic modeling identify its regulatory role in hepatic steatosis. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5936171"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04090-z","article-title":"Circ_0057558 promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating ROCK1\/AMPK signaling through targeting miR-206","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16066","article-title":"Circulating lipidomic alterations in obese and non-obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13528","article-title":"Metabolomic\/lipidomic-based analysis of plasma to diagnose hepatocellular ballooning in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"Ogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284820923904","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820923904","article-title":"Plasma eicosanoids as noninvasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Caussy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100477","article-title":"Metabolic signatures across the full spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"4","author":"McGlinchey","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haam, J.-H., Lee, Y.K., Suh, E., and Kim, Y.-S. (2022). Characteristics of Urine Organic Acid Metabolites in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Assessed Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Elastography in Korean Adults. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051199"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i15.2771","article-title":"Urinary metabolomics analysis identifies key biomarkers of different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2021.0127","article-title":"Recent advances in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease metabolomics","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, L., and Dong, B. (2024). Molecular mechanisms in MASLD\/MASH related HCC. Hepatology.","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000786"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:53:35Z","timestamp":1760111615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16183061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16183061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]}}}