{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T08:13:38Z","timestamp":1770020018178,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Provost Investment Fund","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Provost Investment Fund","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Doctoral Dissertation Grant","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Doctoral Dissertation Grant","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Bruce Goldberg Postdoctoral Fellowship at Teachers College, Columbia University","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Bruce Goldberg Postdoctoral Fellowship at Teachers College, Columbia University","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"Columbia University\u2019s CTSA Grant","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Columbia University\u2019s CTSA Grant","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"Office of Disease Prevention (ODP)","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Office of Disease Prevention (ODP)","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"Office of Nutrition Research (ONR)","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Office of Nutrition Research (ONR)","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity (COSWD)","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity (COSWD)","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]},{"name":"Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1 TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000040"]}]},{"name":"Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["U24DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132733"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CeD) is a common autoimmune condition, with a prevalence of ~1%. Currently, a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment option. Due to fortification rules excluding gluten-free products in the United States of America (U.S.A.), understanding the nutritional adequacy of a GFD is important for promoting optimal health among those with CeD. Cross-sectional examination of multiple 24 h dietary recalls from a study sample of 50 adults and 30 teens with CeD was used to determine nutritional adequacy and excesses according to U.S.A. recommendations. The results were compared with those of 15,777 adults and 2296 teens from a nationally representative sample not reporting CeD, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009\u20132014. Compared with NHANES, our study population was more at risk of low folate and carbohydrate (adults) consumption, and of excessive niacin and vitamin A (teens), as well as saturated and total fat consumption (adults). Overall, though, compared with NHANES, our study participants had similar nutrient concerns but fewer nutritional imbalances, with some notable exceptions. In addition to maintaining a GFD, individuals with CeD should be counseled to maintain a balanced diet and to pay attention to nutrient-dense foods. Special attention should be given to teens in providing dietary counseling to potentially mitigate the risk of future morbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T07:59:46Z","timestamp":1726041586000},"page":"3067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Adherence to Recommendations among a Cohort of Adults and Teens with Celiac Disease Maintaining a Gluten-Free Diet Compared to a Nationally Representative Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer W.","family":"Cadenhead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Nutrition, Department of Health Studies & Applied Educational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne R.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Thanh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Nutrition, Department of Health Studies & Applied Educational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lebwohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6839-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter H. R.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randi L.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Nutrition, Department of Health Studies & Applied Educational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.219","article-title":"The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States","volume":"107","author":"Reilly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2014.876360","article-title":"Nutritional consequences of celiac disease and the gluten-free diet","volume":"8","author":"Theethira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.09.001","article-title":"Celiac disease: Clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Hujoel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31796-8","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"391","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.098","article-title":"Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of celiac disease","volume":"160","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2012.07.005","article-title":"Mortality and malignancy in celiac disease","volume":"22","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reilly, N.R., and Green, P.H.R. (2013). Presentation of celiac disease in children and adults. Celiac Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8560-5_8"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.134","article-title":"Gluten detection in foods available in the United States\u2013A market survey","volume":"169","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.03.014","article-title":"Gluten contamination of grains, seeds, and flours in the United States: A pilot study","volume":"110","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.211","article-title":"A comparison of gluten levels in labeled gluten-free and certified gluten-free foods sold in the United States","volume":"69","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2009.00970.x","article-title":"The effect of substituting alternative grains in the diet on the nutritional profile of the gluten-free diet","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n, E., Larretxi, I., Churruca, I., Lasa, A., Bustamante, M.\u00c1., Navarro, V., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gil, M.D.P., Miranda, J., Lasa, A., and del Pilar Fern\u00e1ndez-Gil, M. (2017). Nutritional and sensorial aspects of gluten-free products. Nutritional and Analytical Approaches of Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53342-1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13137","article-title":"Diet quality, ultra-processed food consumption, and quality of life in a cross-sectional cohort of adults and teens with celiac disease","volume":"36","author":"Cadenhead","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.142257","article-title":"Foods, fortificants, and supplements: Where do Americans get their nutrients?","volume":"141","author":"Keast","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taetzsch, A., Das, S.K., Brown, C., Krauss, A., Silver, R.E., and Roberts, S.B. (2018). Are gluten-free diets more nutritious? An evaluation of self-selected and recommended gluten-free and gluten-containing dietary patterns. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121881"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration (USDA) (2024). Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 21-FR-21."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.011","article-title":"The industrial food additive, microbial transglutaminase, mimics tissue transglutaminase and is immunogenic in celiac disease patients","volume":"15","author":"Matthias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caio, G., Lungaro, L., Segata, N., Guarino, M., Zoli, G., Volta, U., and De Giorgio, R. (2020). Effect of gluten-free diet on gut microbiota composition in patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten\/wheat sensitivity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061832"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.02.004","article-title":"Diet patterns in an ethnically diverse pediatric population with celiac disease and chronic gastrointestinal complaints","volume":"30","author":"Mager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melini, V., and Melini, F. (2019). Gluten-free diet: Gaps and needs for a healthier diet. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010170"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114553","article-title":"Gluten-free diet in children: An approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet","volume":"5","author":"Penagini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.05.002","article-title":"Gluten free diet and nutrient deficiencies: A review","volume":"35","author":"Vici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2005.00607.x","article-title":"Gluten-free diet survey: Are Americans with coeliac disease consuming recommended amounts of fibre, iron, calcium and grain foods?","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unalp-Arida, A., Liu, R., and Ruhl, C.E. (2022). Nutrient intake differs among persons with celiac disease and gluten-related disorders in the United States. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09346-y"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013\u20132014: Overview, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/overview.aspx?BeginYear=2013."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic guidelines, 1999\u20132010","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"National Center for Health Statistics Vital Health Stat."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic Guidelines, 2011\u20132016, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/analyticguidelines\/11-16-analytic-guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2009\u20132010: Demographics Data, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/datapage.aspx?Component=Demographics&Cycle=2009-2010."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2011\u20132012: Demographics Data, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/datapage.aspx?Component=Demographics&Cycle=2011-2012."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2013\u20132014: Demographics Data, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/datapage.aspx?Component=Demographics&Cycle=2013-2014."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2009\u20132010 Examination Data: Body Measures, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2009-2010\/BMX_F.XPT."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2011\u20132012 Examination Data: Body Measures, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/BMX_G.XPT."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2013\u20132014 Examination Data: Body Measures, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/BMX_H.XPT."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2009\u20132010 Laboratory Data: Tissue Transglutaminase Assay (IgA-TTG) & IgA Endomyseal Antibody Assay (IgA EMA), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2009-2010\/TGEMA_F.XPT."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2011\u20132012 Laboratory Data: Tissue Transglutaminase Assay (IgA-TTG) & IgA Endomyseal Antibody Assay (IgA EMA), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/TGEMA_G.XPT."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2021, December 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2013\u20132014 Laboratory Data: Tissue Transglutaminase Assay (IgA-TTG) & IgA Endomyseal Antibody Assay (IgA EMA), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/TGEMA_H.XPT."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2019, June 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: MEC in-Person Dietary Interviewers Procedures Manual (2010), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2009-2010\/manuals\/mec_in_person_dietary_procedures_manual_mar_2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2019, June 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Phone Follow-Up Dietary Interviewers Procedures Manual (2010), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2009-2010\/manuals\/phone_follow_up_dietary_procedures_manual_mar_2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2019, June 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: MEC in-Person Dietary Interviewers Procedures Manual (2012), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2011-2012\/manuals\/mec_in_person_dietary_procedures_manual_jan_2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2019, June 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Phone Follow-Up Dietary Interviewers Procedures Manual (2012), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2011-2012\/manuals\/phone_follow-up_dietary_procedures.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2019, June 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: MEC in-Person Dietary Interviewers Procedures Manual (2014), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2013-2014\/manuals\/mec_in_person_dietary_procedures_manual_jan_2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2019, June 15). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Phone Follow-Up Dietary Interviewers Procedures Manual (2013), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2013-2014\/manuals\/phone_follow-up_dietary_interviewers_manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Food Surveys Research Group (2019, June 15). What We Eat in America: Individual Food File, Day 1. 2009\u20132010, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2009-2010\/DR1TOT_F.htm."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Food Surveys Research Group (2019, June 15). What We Eat in America: Individual Food File, Day 2. 2009\u20132010, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2009-2010\/DR2TOT_F.htm."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Food Surveys Research Group (2019, June 15). What We Eat in America: Individual Food File, Day 1. 2011\u20132012, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/DR1TOT_G.htm."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Food Surveys Research Group (2019, June 15). What We Eat in America: Individual Food File, Day 2. 2011\u20132012, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/DR2TOT_G.htm."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Food Surveys Research Group (2019, June 15). What We Eat in America: Individual Food File, Day 1. 2013\u20132014, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/DR1TOT_H.htm."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Food Surveys Research Group (2019, June 15). What We Eat in America: Individual Food File, Day 2. 2013\u20132014, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/DR2TOT_H.htm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000932","article-title":"Depression and insomnia among individuals with celiac disease or on a gluten-free diet in the United States: Results from a national survey","volume":"29","author":"Zylberberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"10","article-title":"Researchers produced innovation in dietary recall","volume":"52","author":"Bliss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2004.02.013","article-title":"An overview of USDA\u2019s dietary intake system","volume":"17","author":"Raper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) (2018). Software Version 2018, Developed by the Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC), University of Minnesota."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1006\/jfca.1997.0527","article-title":"Procedures for estimating nutrient values for food composition databases","volume":"10","author":"Schakel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration (USDA) (2024, July 12). Guidance for Industry: Guide for Developing and Using Data Bases for Nutrition Labeling. March 1998, Available online: www.fda.gov."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2019, April 21). Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intake, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2024, August 31). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025. 9th Edition. December 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.dietaryguidelines.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.79","article-title":"ACG clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of celiac disease","volume":"108","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306578","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: Guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology","volume":"63","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.02.007","article-title":"National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement on celiac disease, June 28\u201330, 2004","volume":"128","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.05.007","article-title":"Patients with celiac disease are not followed up adequately","volume":"10","author":"Herman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2024, July 12). Folate: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M., Faliva, M.A., Peroni, G., Infantino, V., Naso, M., and Perna, S. (2019). Micronutrients dietary supplementation advices for celiac patients on long-term gluten-free diet with good compliance: A review. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070337"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"26","article-title":"Micronutrient Considerations for Celiac Disease","volume":"27","author":"Lebovits","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pract. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19438","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"317","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.133470","article-title":"Plasma folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 and breast cancer risk in BRCA1-and BRCA2-mutation carriers: A prospective study","volume":"104","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21346","article-title":"Increased cancer cell proliferation in prostate cancer patients with high levels of serum folate","volume":"71","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"486186","article-title":"Vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine, and bone health in adults and elderly people: A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"2013","author":"Swart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19193","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: An updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"317","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000653","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000653","article-title":"Cancer risk with folic acid supplements: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wien","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Panel on Macronutrients, Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber, Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.013","article-title":"Increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease after diagnosis of celiac disease","volume":"62","author":"Reilly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-000-0096-y","article-title":"Niacin dosing: Relationship to benefits and adverse effects","volume":"2","author":"Capuzzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2024, July 14). Vitamin A and Carotenoids: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-10-199811150-00003","article-title":"Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture","volume":"129","author":"Melhus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3067\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:53:57Z","timestamp":1760111637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16183067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16183067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]}}}