{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T10:10:20Z","timestamp":1775124620044,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between estimated energy expenditure (EE) and self-reported dietary intake (EI), and factors associated with energy balance in deployed U.S. Army Special Operations Forces (SOF) Soldiers. Methods: Forty-six SOF Soldiers (age: 30.1 \u00b1 3.5 yrs, body mass index: 27.7 \u00b1 4.1 kg\/m2) completed surveys on demographic data, mission activity characteristics, gastrointestinal issues, ration consumption, resilience, mood state, and dietary intake using a 127-question food frequency questionnaire at the end of a six-month deployment. EE was estimated using a SOF-specific prediction equation with a physical activity factor of 2.1. A paired t-test compared reported energy intake (EI) with estimated energy expenditure (EE). Pearson correlations identified significant variables associated with energy balance, which were then incorporated into a multiple linear regression model. The regression analysis included Profile of Mood States (POMS) anger and POMS depression as predictor variables to determine their influence on energy balance. Results: Reported mean EI was 2512 \u00b1 1059 kcal\u00b7d\u22121, while estimated mean EE was 5272 \u00b1 525 kcal\u00b7d\u22121. The mean energy imbalance was \u22122854 kcal\/d (95% CI: \u22122655 to \u22123055, p &lt; 0.001), with all participants in negative energy balance (range: \u2212492 to \u22123813 kcal\/d). POMS depression (r = 0.517, p &lt; 0.01) and POMS anger (r = 0.363, p = 0.020) were associated with energy balance. The regression model was significant (R2 = 0.23, F (2, 38) = 7.02, p &lt; 0.01), with POMS depression significantly predicting energy balance (\u03b2 = 50.76, p = 0.011). Conclusions: Deployed SOF Soldiers reported high EE and limited EI, which may negatively impact performance. Higher POMS depression scores were associated with lower energy deficits. Future studies should investigate the relationship between mood and energy balance, using direct measures of EI and EE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1726108223000},"page":"3072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Energy Deficit and Factors Associated with Energy Balance during a Combat Deployment in U.S. Army Special Operation Forces Soldiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Evan G.","family":"Tryon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Care Division, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint-Base Lewis McChord, WA 98433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Barringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harris R.","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William R.","family":"Conkright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Care Division, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint-Base Lewis McChord, WA 98433, USA"},{"name":"Office of the Surgeon, U.S. Army Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg, NC 28303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1659","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00022","article-title":"Effects of combat deployment on anthropometrics and physiological status of U.S. Army Special Operations Forces soldiers","volume":"182","author":"Farina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil. 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