{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:36:47Z","timestamp":1789846607592,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in intercellular communication by transferring miRNAs and other macromolecules between cells. Understanding how diet and exercise modulate the release and content of skeletal muscle (SM)-derived EVs could lead to novel therapeutic strategies to prevent age-related muscle decline and other chronic diseases, such as sarcopenia. This review aims to provide an overview of the role of EVs in muscle function and to explore how nutritional and physical interventions can optimise their release and function. Methods: A literature review of studies examining the impact of exercise and nutritional interventions on MS-derived EVs was conducted. Major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, were searched using keywords such as \u2018extracellular vesicles\u2019, \u2018muscle\u2019, \u2018exercise\u2019, \u2018nutrition\u2019 and \u2018sarcopenia\u2019. The selected studies included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials and cohort studies. Data from these studies were synthesised to identify key findings related to the release of EVs, their composition and their potential role as therapeutic targets. Results: Dietary patterns, specific foods and supplements were found to significantly modulate EV release and composition, affecting muscle health and metabolism. Exercise-induced changes in EV content were observed after both acute and chronic interventions, with a marked impact on miRNAs and proteins related to muscle growth and inflammation. Nutritional interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet and omega-3 fatty acids, have also shown the ability to alter EV profiles, suggesting their potential to improve cardiovascular health and reduce inflammation. Conclusions: EVs are emerging as critical mediators of the beneficial effects of diet and exercise on muscle health. Both exercise and nutritional interventions can modulate the release and content of MS-derived EVs, offering promising avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting sarcopenia and other muscle diseases. Future research should focus on large-scale RCT studies with standardised methodologies to better understand the role of EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T11:29:59Z","timestamp":1726226999000},"page":"3097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Functional Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Sarcopenia: The Importance of Physical Exercise and Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Science and Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4327-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilda","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Science and Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Fratantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, S.S. 100 Km 18, 70100 Casamassima, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sercan","family":"Karav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, \u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7003-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Baldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Science and Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0130-7","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: How the External and Internal Environment Can Shape Cell-To-Cell Communication","volume":"4","author":"Neven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olejarz, W., Sadowski, K., and Radoszkiewicz, K. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles in Atherosclerosis: State of the Art. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010388"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-022-10342-w","article-title":"The Effect of Extracellular Vesicles on Thrombosis","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03127-z","article-title":"Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles: Diverse mediators of pathology and therapeutics in multiple diseases","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Freitas, R.C., Hirata, R.D., Hirata, M.H., and Aikawa, E. (2021). Circulating Extracellular Vesicles As Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030388"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs235085","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.235085","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: Molecular parcels that enable regulation of the immune response in cancer","volume":"132","author":"Sheehan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, M., Zade, M., Mezghani, N., Patel, R., Wang, Y., and Momen-Heravi, F. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102825"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, L., Liu, X., Zhu, L., Luo, L., Sun, N., and Pei, R. (2023). Current Advances in Technologies for Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis and Its Clinical Applications in Cancer Diagnosis. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010129"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grieco, G.E., Fignani, D., Formichi, C., Nigi, L., Licata, G., Maccora, C., Brusco, N., Sebastiani, G., and Dotta, F. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles in Immune System Regulation and Type 1 Diabetes: Cell-to-Cell Communication Mediators, Disease Biomarkers, and Promising Therapeutic Tools. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.682948"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Sun, X., Zhang, F.-L., Jin, H., Yan, X.-L., Huang, S., Guo, Z.-N., and Yang, Y. (2020). Clinical Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.596811"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloi, N., Drago, G., Ruggieri, S., Cibella, F., Colombo, P., and Longo, V. (2024). Extracellular Vesicles and Immunity: At the Crossroads of Cell Communication. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021205"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00763-8","article-title":"The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system","volume":"23","author":"Buzas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.02.010","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cancer: Exosomes, microvesicles and the emerging role of large oncosomes","volume":"40","author":"Minciacchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaradia, E., Tancini, B., Emiliani, C., Delo, F., Pellegrino, R.M., Tognoloni, A., Urbanelli, L., and Buratta, S. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles under Oxidative Stress Conditions: Biological Properties and Physiological Roles. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071763"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.05.002","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Emerging tools as therapeutic agent carriers","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01641.x","article-title":"Bimodal impact of skeletal muscle on pancreatic beta-cell function in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Plomgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0209-4","article-title":"Molecular Communication from Skeletal Muscle to Bone: A Review for Muscle-Derived Myokines Regulating Bone Metabolism","volume":"100","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., and Jun, H.-S. (2019). Role of Myokines in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00042"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guescini, M., Maggio, S., Ceccaroli, P., Battistelli, M., Annibalini, G., Piccoli, G., Sestili, P., and Stocchi, V. (2017). Extracellular Vesicles Released by Oxidatively Injured or Intact C2C12 Myotubes Promote Distinct Responses Converging toward Myogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112488"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annibalini, G., Contarelli, S., Lucertini, F., Guescini, M., Maggio, S., Ceccaroli, P., Gervasi, M., Ferri Marini, C., Fardetti, F., and Grassi, E. (2019). Muscle and Systemic Molecular Responses to a Single Flywheel Based Iso-Inertial Training Session in Resistance-Trained Men. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00554"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.12.001","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Provide a Means for Tissue Crosstalk during Exercise","volume":"27","author":"Whitham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0316-1","article-title":"Illuminating the physiology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ22-0340","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles secreted from mouse muscle cells improve delayed bone repair in diabetic mice","volume":"70","author":"Takafuji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115298","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles secreted from mouse muscle cells suppress osteoclast formation: Roles of mitochondrial energy metabolism","volume":"134","author":"Takafuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, M., Jin, X., Chen, S., Yang, N., and Feng, G. (2023). Plant-derived extracellular vesicles -a novel clinical anti-inflammatory drug carrier worthy of investigation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 169.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115904"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukund, K., and Subramaniam, S. (2020). Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1462"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.02.008","article-title":"Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1 alpha, myokines and exercise","volume":"80","author":"Schnyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1404","article-title":"Interleukin-6 increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans and glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"55","author":"Carey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.03.008","article-title":"Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alter the number, fatty acid profile and coagulatory activity of circulating and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles: A randomized, controlled crossover trial","volume":"119","author":"Bozbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D.S.K., Yang, Q.Z.C., Asim, M., Krell, J., and Frampton, A.E. (2022). The Clinical Significance of Transfer RNAs Present in Extracellular Vesicles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073692"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21644","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100242R","article-title":"Mechanical overload-induced muscle-derived extracellular vesicles promote adipose tissue lipolysis","volume":"35","author":"Vechetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3337-2","article-title":"Exosomes participate in the alteration of muscle homeostasis during lipid-induced insulin resistance in mice","volume":"57","author":"Aswad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2022.100273","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomics Identifies Proteins Enriched in Large and Small Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"21","author":"Lischnig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"pgac173","article-title":"Skeletal muscle releases extracellular vesicles with distinct protein and microRNA signatures that function in the muscle microenvironment","volume":"1","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Nexus"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21420","article-title":"Proteomics of extracellular vesicles: Exosomes and ectosomes","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mass. Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.06.006","article-title":"Acute supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid reduces platelet microparticle activity in healthy subjects","volume":"23","author":"Phang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Witwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuzaka, Y., Tanihata, J., Komaki, H., Ishiyama, A., Oya, Y., R\u00fcegg, U., Takeda, S.-I., and Hashido, K. (2016). Characterization and Functional Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles and Muscle-Abundant miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206) in C2C12 Myocytes and mdx Mice. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167811"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.151035","article-title":"Making muscle: Skeletal myogenesis in vivo and in vitro","volume":"144","author":"Chal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21279","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902468RR","article-title":"Muscle-derived exosomes encapsulate myomiRs and are involved in local skeletal muscle tissue communication","volume":"35","author":"Mytidou","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1725","article-title":"The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-015-9953-4","article-title":"The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 in the proliferation and differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells","volume":"52","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.101758","article-title":"Regulation of multiple target genes by miR-1 and miR-206 is pivotal for C2C12 myoblast differentiation","volume":"125","author":"Pais","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e934","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.462","article-title":"A feedback circuit between miR-133 and the ERK1\/2 pathway involving an exquisite mechanism for regulating myoblast proliferation and differentiation","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2010.04.006","article-title":"C2C12 myoblasts release micro-vesicles containing mtDNA and proteins involved in signal transduction","volume":"316","author":"Guescini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2022.37.e146","article-title":"A Review of Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Future Direction","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-017-0266-9","article-title":"A study on relationship between elderly sarcopenia and inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-alpha","volume":"22","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.02.005","article-title":"Innate immune perturbations, accumulating DAMPs and inflammasome dysregulation: A ticking time bomb in ageing","volume":"24","author":"Kapetanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13106","article-title":"Atrophic skeletal muscle fibre-derived small extracellular vesicle miR-690 inhibits satellite cell differentiation during ageing","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.179663.111","article-title":"MASTR directs MyoD-dependent satellite cell differentiation during skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"26","author":"Mokalled","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200911036","article-title":"microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 regulate skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing Pax7","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00898.x","article-title":"Acceleration of muscle regeneration by local injection of muscle-specific microRNAs in rat skeletal muscle injury model","volume":"14","author":"Nakasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00148.2010","article-title":"Aging and microRNA expression in human skeletal muscle: A microarray and bioinformatics analysis","volume":"43","author":"Drummond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2017.1989","article-title":"Circulating Mitochondrial DNA at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation during Aging and Muscle Wasting Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Picca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00330-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA and inflammatory proteins are higher in extracellular vesicles from frail individuals","volume":"20","author":"Byappanahalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101226","article-title":"The MicroRNA miR-696 is regulated by SNARK and reduces mitochondrial activity in mouse skeletal muscle through Pgc1 alpha inhibition","volume":"51","author":"Queiroz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E799","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00448.2009","article-title":"The microRNA miR-696 regulates PGC-1 alpha in mouse skeletal muscle in response to physical activity","volume":"298","author":"Aoi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600529R","article-title":"Impaired exercise tolerance, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle fiber maintenance in miR-133a-deficient mice","volume":"30","author":"Nie","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C461","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00388.2021","article-title":"The importance of mitochondrial quality control for maintaining skeletal muscle function across health span","volume":"322","author":"Sligar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.0427","article-title":"Mitochondrial Quality Control in Sarcopenia: Updated Overview of Mechanisms and Interventions","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-016-9638-8","article-title":"The functional consequences of age-related changes in microRNA expression in skeletal muscle","volume":"17","author":"House","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Comprehensive miRNA Profiling of Skeletal Muscle and Serum in Induced and Normal Mouse Muscle Atrophy during Aging","volume":"72","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13278","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13278","article-title":"miR-29c improves skeletal muscle mass and function throughout myocyte proliferation and differentiation and by repressing atrophy-related genes","volume":"226","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.84","article-title":"Transcription factor FoxO1, the dominant mediator of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease, is inhibited by microRNA-486","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201007165","article-title":"IGF-II is regulated by microRNA-125b in skeletal myogenesis","volume":"192","author":"Ge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3094","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.479","article-title":"miRNA-223 upregulated by MYOD inhibits myoblast proliferation by repressing IGF2 and facilitates myoblast differentiation by inhibiting ZEB1","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, L., Liang, R., Yang, Y., Hou, X., Wang, Z., Zhu, S., Wang, C., Tang, Z., and Li, K. (2015). MicroRNA-21 Regulates PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Signaling by Targeting TGF beta I during Muscle Development in Pigs. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119396"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-02-0130","article-title":"CD142+\/CD61+, CD146+ and CD45+ microparticles predict cardiovascular events in high risk patients following a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts","volume":"116","author":"Crespo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.02.027","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet decreases prothrombotic microvesicle release in asymptomatic individuals at high cardiovascular risk","volume":"39","author":"Crespo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y.-J., Cho, Y.-E., Cho, A.-R., Choi, W.J., Yun, S., Park, H., Kim, H.-S., Cashion, A.K., Gill, J., and Lee, H. (2020). The Possible Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Extracellular Vesicle miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Survivors. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061355"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12657","article-title":"In a randomized trial in prostate cancer patients, dietary protein restriction modifies markers of leptin and insulin signaling in plasma extracellular vesicles","volume":"16","author":"Eitan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy018","article-title":"Replacement of dietary saturated fat with unsaturated fats increases numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and decreases numbers of microparticles: Findings from the randomized, controlled Dietary Intervention and VAScular function (DIVAS) study","volume":"107","author":"Weech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300820","article-title":"Oat-enriched diet reduces inflammatory status assessed by circulating cell-derived microparticle concentrations in type 2 diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b02251","article-title":"Cocoa Flavanols Improve Endothelial Functional Integrity in Healthy Young and Elderly Subjects","volume":"68","author":"Sansone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.08.012","article-title":"Grape intake reduces thrombin generation and enhances plasma fibrinolysis. Potential role of circulating procoagulant microparticles","volume":"50","author":"Ammollo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02390-2","article-title":"One-year dietary supplementation with walnuts modifies exosomal miRNA in elderly subjects","volume":"60","author":"Pastor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513003693","article-title":"Dietary flavanol intervention lowers the levels of endothelial microparticles in coronary artery disease patients","volume":"111","author":"Horn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000108","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000108","article-title":"Bilberry Supplementation after Myocardial Infarction Decreases Microvesicles in Blood and Affects Endothelial Vesiculation","volume":"64","author":"Sathanoori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Consumption of a Leuconostoc holzapfelii-enriched synbiotic beverage alters the composition of the microbiota and microbial extracellular vesicles","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.088880","article-title":"Fish-oil supplementation alters numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and microparticles independently of eNOS genotype","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1160\/TH17-06-0394","article-title":"Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Reduces Circulating Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Coronary Artery Disease Patients on Clopidogrel Therapy: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"118","author":"Abdul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.12.003","article-title":"Circulating CD36+ microparticles are not altered by docosahexaenoic or eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation","volume":"26","author":"Phang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.10.007","article-title":"One year of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation does not reduce circulating prothrombotic microvesicles in elderly subjects after suffering a myocardial infarction","volume":"40","author":"Bratseth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirro, M., Mannarino, M.R., Ministrini, S., Fallarino, F., Lupattelli, G., Bianconi, V., Bagaglia, F., and Mannarino, E. (2016). Effects of a nutraceutical combination on lipids, inflammation and endothelial integrity in patients with subclinical inflammation: A randomized clinical trial. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23587"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12096","article-title":"The LPS-induced increase in circulating microparticles is not affected by vitamin C in humans","volume":"43","author":"Weisshaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R338","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00155.2015","article-title":"Ascorbic acid supplementation diminishes microparticle elevations and neutrophil activation following SCUBA diving","volume":"309","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.J., Kim, K.P., Choi, E., Yim, J.H., Choi, C., Yun, H.S., Ahn, H.Y., Oh, J.Y., and Cho, Y. (2021). Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP55 on Clinical Improvement, Skin Condition and Urine Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Patients with Acne Vulgaris: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041368"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, C.M., Choi, Y.J., Lee, D.H., Moon, J.S., Kim, T.-Y., Kim, Y.-K., Lee, W.-H., Yoon, H., Park, Y.S., and Kim, N. (2021). Validity and safety of ID-JPL934 in lower gastrointestinal symptom improvement. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92007-3"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nederveen, J.P., Mastrolonardo, A.J., Xhuti, D., Di Carlo, A., Manta, K., Fuda, M.R., and Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2023). Novel Multi-Ingredient Supplement Facilitates Weight Loss and Improves Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173693"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2019.08.006","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: A brief review","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C40","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00056.2021","article-title":"Mechanisms of exercise as a preventative measure to muscle wasting","volume":"321","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guescini, M., Canonico, B., Lucertini, F., Maggio, S., Annibalini, G., Barbieri, E., Luchetti, F., Papa, S., and Stocchi, V. (2015). Muscle Releases Alpha-Sarcoglycan Positive Extracellular Vesicles Carrying miRNAs in the Bloodstream. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125094"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, V.D., Ge, Y., Li, S., Pincas, H., Jain, N., Seenarine, N., Amper, M.A.S., Goodpaster, B.H., Walsh, M.J., and Coen, P.M. (2020). Sedentary and Trained Older Men Have Distinct Circulating Exosomal microRNA Profiles at Baseline and in Response to Acute Exercise. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00605"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312467902","article-title":"Circulating microRNA-126 increases after different forms of endurance exercise in healthy adults","volume":"21","author":"Uhlemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16016","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.16016","article-title":"Circulating extracellular vesicle characteristics differ between men and women following 12 weeks of concurrent exercise training","volume":"12","author":"Kargl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28239","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.28239","article-title":"Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation","volume":"4","author":"Helmig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282468","article-title":"Exercise, healthy ageing, and the potential role of small extracellular vesicles","volume":"601","author":"McIlvenna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087396","article-title":"Skeletal muscle-derived exosomes regulate endothelial cell functions via reactive oxygen species-activated nuclear factor-kappaB signalling","volume":"104","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catitti, G., De Bellis, D., Vespa, S., Simeone, P., Canonico, B., and Lanuti, P. (2022). Extracellular Vesicles as Players in the Anti-Inflammatory Inter-Cellular Crosstalk Induced by Exercise Training. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214098"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090062","article-title":"Obesity and exercise training alter inflammatory pathway skeletal muscle small extracellular vesicle microRNAs","volume":"107","author":"Sullivan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"575","article-title":"Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Kinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.215277","article-title":"Prior endurance exercise prevents postprandial lipaemia-induced increases in reactive oxygen species in circulating CD31+ cells","volume":"589","author":"Jenkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1139\/h2012-034","article-title":"Moderate-intensity, premeal cycling blunts postprandial increases in monocyte cell surface CD18 and CD11a and endothelial microparticles following a high-fat meal in young adults","volume":"37","author":"Strohacker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001985","article-title":"Microparticle Responses to Aerobic Exercise and Meal Consumption in Healthy Men","volume":"51","author":"Highton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.785600","article-title":"Repeated supra-maximal sprint cycling with and without sodium bicarbonate supplementation induces endothelial microparticle release","volume":"14","author":"Kirk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-018-4738-6","article-title":"Exercise and weight loss interventions and miRNA expression in women with breast cancer","volume":"170","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1050-5","article-title":"The endothelial microparticle response to a high fat meal is not attenuated by prior exercise","volume":"106","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, S., \u00c5kerstr\u00f6m, T., Rinnov, A., Yfanti, C., Scheele, C., Pedersen, B.K., and Laye, M.J. (2014). The miRNA plasma signature in response to acute aerobic exercise and endurance training. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087308"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3097\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:55:59Z","timestamp":1760111759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16183097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16183097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}}}