{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:19:20Z","timestamp":1788812360120,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has recently been proposed as an alternative term to NAFLD. MASLD is a globally recognized chronic liver disease that poses significant health concerns and is frequently associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. To better understand its pathogenesis and to develop effective treatments, it is essential to establish suitable animal models. Therefore, attempts have been made to establish modelling approaches that are highly similar to human diet, physiology, and pathology to better replicate disease progression. Here, we reviewed the pathogenesis of MASLD disease and summarised the used animal models of MASLD in the last 7 years through the PubMed database. In addition, we have summarised the commonly used animal models of MASLD and describe the advantages and disadvantages of various models of MASLD induction, including genetic models, diet, and chemically induced models, to provide directions for research on the pathogenesis and treatment of MASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"3120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Progress in the Study of Animal Models of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4124-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naqash","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007","article-title":"Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD","volume":"35","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.171","article-title":"The global NAFLD epidemic","volume":"10","author":"Loomba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.09.033","article-title":"Transitioning from NAFLD to MAFLD and MASLD: Consistent prevalence and risk factors in a Chinese cohort","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.021","article-title":"Clinical and histological features under different nomenclatures of fatty liver disease: NAFLD, MAFLD, MASLD and MetALD","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01377.x","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions","volume":"94","author":"Brunt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad095","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiological concepts and treatment options","volume":"119","author":"Grander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44507","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207712200","article-title":"The surface of lipid droplets is a phospholipid monolayer with a unique Fatty Acid composition","volume":"277","author":"Ozeki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02600.x","article-title":"Review article: Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance","volume":"22","author":"Lonardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1358523","article-title":"Transcriptional control of hepatic lipid metabolism by SREBP and ChREBP","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.004648","article-title":"Hepatic fatty acid trafficking: Multiple forks in the road","volume":"4","author":"Mashek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.04.011","article-title":"Hepatic lipid droplet homeostasis and fatty liver disease","volume":"108","author":"Seebacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70599-2","article-title":"Steatohepatitis: A tale of two \u201chits\u201d?","volume":"114","author":"Day","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.043","article-title":"Liver Fibrosis, but No Other Histologic Features, Is Associated with Long-term Outcomes of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"149","author":"Angulo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001","article-title":"Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis","volume":"52","author":"Tilg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, N., Jia, L., Cheng, A., Ren, H., Fu, Y., Ding, X., Haq, I.U., and Liu, E. (2024). Global research trends on gut microbiota and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Insights from bibliometric and scientometric analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1390483"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.031","article-title":"Preclinical models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Santhekadur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624776","article-title":"Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob\/ob mice","volume":"269","author":"Pelleymounter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recena Aydos, L., Aparecida do Amaral, L., Serafim de Souza, R., Jacobowski, A.C., Freitas Dos Santos, E., and Rodrigues Macedo, M.L. (2019). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in C57bl\/6 Models. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123067"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40732","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.399899","article-title":"Uric acid induces hepatic steatosis by generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress: Potential role in fructose-dependent and -independent fatty liver","volume":"287","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000164570.20420.67","article-title":"Fructose-induced fatty liver disease: Hepatic effects of blood pressure and plasma triglyceride reduction","volume":"45","author":"Ackerman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.502","article-title":"Effect of dietary monosodium glutamate on HFCS-induced hepatic steatosis: Expression profiles in the liver and visceral fat","volume":"18","author":"Collison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-009-0042-x","article-title":"Comparison of free fructose and glucose to sucrose in the ability to cause fatty liver","volume":"49","author":"Mu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451100033X","article-title":"Prevention and reversal of diet-induced leptin resistance with a sugar-free diet despite high fat content","volume":"106","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03198.x","article-title":"Rodent nutritional model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Species, strain and sex difference studies","volume":"18","author":"Kirsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677212473717","article-title":"Gender and strain-specific differences in the development of steatosis in rats","volume":"47","author":"Stoppeler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suriano, F., Vieira-Silva, S., Falony, G., Roumain, M., Paquot, A., Pelicaen, R., Regnier, M., Delzenne, N.M., Raes, J., and Muccioli, G.G. (2021). Novel insights into the genetically obese (ob\/ob) and diabetic (db\/db) mice: Two sides of the same coin. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01097-8"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.01.008","article-title":"Leptin gene-targeted editing in ob\/ob mouse adipose tissue based on the CRISPR\/Cas9 system","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnz016","article-title":"Leptin: Is It Thermogenic?","volume":"41","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(79)90154-9","article-title":"Consumption of O2 and early detection of fa\/fa genotype in rats","volume":"28","author":"Kaplan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.050","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Heart: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"73","author":"Stahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab188","article-title":"Brown Rice Inhibits Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Zucker (fa\/fa) Rats by Increasing Lipid Oxidation Via Activation of Retinoic Acid Synthesis","volume":"151","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.021","article-title":"Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: Cause or consequence?","volume":"68","author":"Lonardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowicz, A., Wisniewska, A., Kus, K., Bialas, M., Lomnicka, M., Toton-Zuranska, J., Kiepura, A., Stachyra, K., Suski, M., and Bujak-Gizycka, B. (2021). Diminazene Aceturate Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaque and Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in apoE-Knockout Mice by Influencing Macrophages Polarization and Taurine Biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115861"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, A., Tripodi, G.L., Kareinen, I., Berg, M., Forteza, M.J., Gistera, A., Griepke, S., Casagrande, F.B., Martins, J.O., and Abdalla, D.S.P. (2022). Genetic Deficiency of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Aggravates Vascular but Not Liver Disease in a Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Atherosclerosis Comorbidity Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095203"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowicz, A., Wisniewska, A., Kus, K., Kiepura, A., Gebska, A., Gajda, M., Bialas, M., Toton-Zuranska, J., Stachyra, K., and Suski, M. (2019). The Influence of Trehalose on Atherosclerosis and Hepatic Steatosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071552"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoemaker, M.H., Kleemann, R., Morrison, M.C., Verheij, J., Salic, K., van Tol, E.A.F., Kooistra, T., and Wielinga, P.Y. (2017). A casein hydrolysate based formulation attenuates obesity and associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis in LDLr-\/-.Leiden mice. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180648"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00181.2019","article-title":"Amitriptyline inhibits nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis induced by high-fat diet and LPS through modulation of sphingolipid metabolism","volume":"318","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26461","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of the dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha\/delta agonist, GFT505, in rodent models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"58","author":"Staels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i8.2512","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in non-obese mice","volume":"22","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3740.1127","article-title":"Diabetes, a new mutation in the mouse","volume":"153","author":"Hummel","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31743","article-title":"Heterogeneity of HSCs in a Mouse Model of NASH","volume":"74","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI127502","article-title":"Parental metabolic syndrome epigenetically reprograms offspring hepatic lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"130","author":"Orime","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M016246","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol exacerbates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in obese LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"52","author":"Subramanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bieghs, V., Van Gorp, P.J., Wouters, K., Hendrikx, T., Gijbels, M.J., van Bilsen, M., Bakker, J., Binder, C.J., L\u00fctjohann, D., and Staels, B. (2012). LDL receptor knock-out mice are a physiological model particularly vulnerable to study the onset of inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030668"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiri-Ansari, N., Nikolopoulou, C., Papoutsi, K., Kyrou, I., Mantzoros, C.S., Kyriakopoulos, G., Chatzigeorgiou, A., Kalotychou, V., Randeva, M.S., and Chatha, K. (2021). Empagliflozin Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in High Fat Diet Fed ApoE((-\/-)) Mice by Activating Autophagy and Reducing ER Stress and Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020818"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00644-w","article-title":"Effects of exercise on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lipid metabolism in ApoE knockout mice","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wi\u015bniewska, A., Stachowicz, A., Ku\u015b, K., Ulatowska-Bia\u0142as, M., Toto\u0144-\u017bura\u0144ska, J., Kiepura, A., Stachyra, K., Suski, M., Gajda, M., and Jawie\u0144, J. (2021). Inhibition of Atherosclerosis and Liver Steatosis by Agmatine in Western Diet-Fed apoE-Knockout Mice Is Associated with Decrease in Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Reduction in Plasma Triglyceride\/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910688"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.012","article-title":"FXR activation protects against NAFLD via bile-acid-dependent reductions in lipid absorption","volume":"33","author":"Clifford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.04.006","article-title":"CD36 palmitoylation disrupts free fatty acid metabolism and promotes tissue inflammation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.06.003","article-title":"SREBP-1c impairs ULK1 sulfhydration-mediated autophagic flux to promote hepatic steatosis in high-fat-diet-fed mice","volume":"81","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M088419","article-title":"Extrahepatic PPARalpha modulates fatty acid oxidation and attenuates fasting-induced hepatosteatosis in mice","volume":"59","author":"Brocker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31658","article-title":"Myeloid-Cell-Specific IL-6 Signaling Promotes MicroRNA-223-Enriched Exosome Production to Attenuate NAFLD-Associated Fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139247","article-title":"Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome","volume":"316","author":"Analysis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0952-9","article-title":"Plasma lipidomic signatures of spontaneous obese rhesus monkeys","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01706.x","article-title":"Macaca radiata (bonnet monkey): A spontaneous model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.990333","article-title":"Rhesus macaques develop metabolic syndrome with reversible vascular dysfunction responsive to pioglitazone","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-018-0370-1","article-title":"Characterization of spontaneously-developed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in aged rhesus monkeys","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.013","article-title":"DT-109 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in nonhuman primates","volume":"35","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.005","article-title":"A diet-induced animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular cancer","volume":"65","author":"Asgharpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G483","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00079.2013","article-title":"Diet-induced mouse model of fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis reflecting clinical disease progression and methods of assessment","volume":"305","author":"Clapper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3977-1","article-title":"Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Eat, Delete, and Inflame","volume":"61","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreres, L., Jilkova, Z.M., Vial, G., Marche, P.N., Decaens, T., and Lerat, H. (2021). Modeling Diet-Induced NAFLD and NASH in Rats: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040378"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.9.1163","article-title":"Diet-induced type II diabetes in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"37","author":"Surwit","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/100.9.1041","article-title":"Dietary obesity in rats: Body weight and body fat accretion in seven strains of rats","volume":"100","author":"Schemmel","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.502","article-title":"Model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"79","author":"Lieber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.10.005","article-title":"AMPK activation caused by reduced liver lactate metabolism protects against hepatic steatosis in MCT1 haploinsufficient mice","volume":"6","author":"Carneiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303816","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"62","author":"Llopis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4334","article-title":"Tmbim1 is a multivesicular body regulator that protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice and monkeys by targeting the lysosomal degradation of Tlr4","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0209","article-title":"The Effects of B1344, a Novel Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Analog, on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"69","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.014","article-title":"Macrophage p38alpha promotes nutritional steatohepatitis through M1 polarization","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834e7b4b","article-title":"Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression","volume":"28","author":"Corbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800042-JLR200","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in mice fed a lipogenic methionine choline-deficient diet","volume":"49","author":"Rinella","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.09.020","article-title":"The methionine-choline deficient dietary model of steatohepatitis does not exhibit insulin resistance","volume":"40","author":"Rinella","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arman, T., Lynch, K.D., Montonye, M.L., Goedken, M., and Clarke, J.D. (2019). Sub-Chronic Microcystin-LR Liver Toxicity in Preexisting Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070398"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00376-3","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation, stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrogenesis in a rat model of chronic steatohepatitis","volume":"39","author":"George","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G174","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00041.2019","article-title":"Comparison of murine steatohepatitis models identifies a dietary intervention with robust fibrosis, ductular reaction, and rapid progression to cirrhosis and cancer","volume":"318","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Minicis, S., Agostinelli, L., Rychlicki, C., Sorice, G.P., Saccomanno, S., Candelaresi, C., Giaccari, A., Trozzi, L., Pierantonelli, I., and Mingarelli, E. (2014). HCC development is associated to peripheral insulin resistance in a mouse model of NASH. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097136"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25789","article-title":"Synergistic interaction of dietary cholesterol and dietary fat in inducing experimental steatohepatitis","volume":"57","author":"Savard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.019","article-title":"Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23535","article-title":"Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Abdelmalek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronati, M., Baratta, F., Pastori, D., Ferro, D., Angelico, F., and Del Ben, M. (2022). Added Fructose in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and in Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061127"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G987","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90272.2008","article-title":"Severe NAFLD with hepatic necroinflammatory changes in mice fed trans fats and a high-fructose corn syrup equivalent","volume":"295","author":"Tetri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0074-z","article-title":"Characterization of a murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model induced by high fat high calorie diet plus fructose and glucose in drinking water","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2017.84","article-title":"Activation of pluripotent genes in hepatic progenitor cells in the transition of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to pre-malignant lesions","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23797","article-title":"High-fructose, medium chain trans fat diet induces liver fibrosis and elevates plasma coenzyme Q9 in a novel murine model of obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Kohli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23873","article-title":"Fructose at the center of necroinflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"53","author":"Alisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21720","article-title":"Fatty liver promotes fibrosis in monkeys consuming high fructose","volume":"25","author":"Cydylo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay0284","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay0284","article-title":"Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) reverses dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in dysmetabolic nonhuman primates","volume":"11","author":"Goedeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2011.00298.x","article-title":"Fructose-fed rhesus monkeys: A nonhuman primate model of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Bremer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1992.tb01034.x","article-title":"Some normative data on the Bender Gestalt test performance of Iranian children","volume":"62","author":"Yousefi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01250.x","article-title":"Development of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas associated with fibrosis in C57BL\/6J male mice given a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet","volume":"93","author":"Denda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30333","article-title":"Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Toward Optimization of Their Relevance to Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.023","article-title":"MLKL-dependent signaling regulates autophagic flux in a murine model of non-alcohol-associated fatty liver and steatohepatitis","volume":"73","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-013-0016-1","article-title":"A murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis showing evidence of association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"46","author":"Fujii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.10.039","article-title":"Diabetes is a progression factor for hepatic fibrosis in a high fat fed mouse obesity model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"55","author":"Lo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12612","article-title":"Novel non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model with histopathological and insulin-resistant features","volume":"68","author":"Owada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.877491","article-title":"Hydroxysafflor yellow A suppresses liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride with high-fat diet by regulating PPAR-\u03b3\/p38 MAPK signaling","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12102","article-title":"A high-fat diet and multiple administration of carbon tetrachloride induces liver injury and pathological features associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"40","author":"Kubota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.09.016","article-title":"Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induces irreversible hepatocellular carcinogenesis through overexpression of G1\/S-phase regulatory proteins in rat","volume":"191","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-2808-8","article-title":"Obesity, but not ethanol, promotes tumor incidence and progression in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12481","article-title":"Attenuation of steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet by CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Toriguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:57:11Z","timestamp":1760111831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16183120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16183120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]}}}