{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:42:04Z","timestamp":1788579724036,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inconsistent swimming performances are often observed following sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion, possibly because the time taken to reach peak blood buffering capacity is highly variable between individuals. Personalising NaHCO3 ingestion based on time-to-peak blood bicarbonate (HCO3\u2212) could be a solution; however, this strategy is yet to be explored in swimming, or adequately compared to standardised NaHCO3 approaches. Therefore, six highly trained female swimmers ingested 0.3 g\u00b7kg BM\u22121 NaHCO3 in capsules to pre-determine their individual time-to-peak blood HCO3\u2212. They then participated in three experimental trials, consisting of a 6 \u00d7 75 m repeated sprint swimming test, followed by a 200 m maximal time trial effort after 30 min active recovery. These experiments were conducted consuming a supplement at three different timings: individualised NaHCO3 (IND: 105\u2013195 min pre-exercise); standardised NaHCO3 (STND: 150 min pre-exercise); and placebo (PLA: 90 min pre-exercise). Both NaHCO3 strategies produced similar increases in blood HCO3\u2212 prior to exercise (IND: +6.8 vs. STND: +6.1 mmol\u00b7L\u22121, p &lt; 0.05 vs. PLA) and fully recovered blood HCO3\u2212 during active recovery (IND: +6.0 vs. STND: +6.3 mmol\u00b7L\u22121 vs. PLA, p &lt; 0.05). However, there were no improvements in the mean 75 m swimming time (IND: 48.2 \u00b1 4.8 vs. STND: 48.9 \u00b1 5.8 vs. PLA: 49.1 \u00b1 5.1 s, p = 0.302) nor 200 m maximal swimming (IND: 133.6 \u00b1 5.0 vs. STND: 133.6 \u00b1 4.7 vs. PLA: 133.3 \u00b1 4.4 s, p = 0.746). Regardless of the ingestion strategy, NaHCO3 does not appear to improve exercise performance in highly trained female swimmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"3123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neither an Individualised Nor a Standardised Sodium Bicarbonate Strategy Improved Performance in High-Intensity Repeated Swimming, or a Subsequent 200 m Swimming Time Trial in Highly Trained Female Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Josh W.","family":"Newbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B42 2LR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4929-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam L.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B42 2LR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1115-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis A.","family":"Gough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B42 2LR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newbury, J.W., Foo, W.L., Cole, M., Kelly, A.L., Chessor, R.J., Sparks, S.A., Faghy, M.A., Gough, H.C., and Gough, L.A. 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