{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:26:00Z","timestamp":1793035560589,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-140722OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140722OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["772\/30\/11.01.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["772\/30\/11.01.2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania","award":["PID2022-140722OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140722OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania","award":["772\/30\/11.01.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["772\/30\/11.01.2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal-based products is a serious problem for food safety. Antioxidant-rich ingredients such as bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L., VM) may mitigate their harmful effects. Firstly, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and analytical phytochemical composition (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanins) were assessed in lyophilized wild bilberries from Romania. Secondly, this study evaluated bilberries\u2019 effects on reducing ochratoxin A (OTA) bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity. An in vitro digestion model was developed and applied to four different types of bread: Control, VM (2%), OTA (15.89 \u00b1 0.13 mg\/kg), and OTA (16.79 \u00b1 0.55 mg\/kg)-VM (2%). The results indicated that VM decreased OTA bioaccessibility by 15% at the intestinal level. OTA-VM digests showed improved Caco-2 cell viability in comparison to OTA digests across different exposure times. Regarding the alterations in Jurkat cell line cell cycle phases and apoptosis\/necrosis, significant increases in cell death were observed using OTA digests (11%), while VM addition demonstrated a protective effect (1%). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis confirmed these findings, with OTA-VM digests showing significantly lower ROS levels compared to OTA digests, resulting in a 3.7-fold decrease. Thus, bilberries exhibit high potential as a functional ingredient, demonstrating protection in OTA mitigation effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1726620703000},"page":"3137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phytochemical Characterization of Bilberries and Their Potential as a Functional Ingredient to Mitigate Ochratoxin A Toxicity in Cereal-Based Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8234-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisia","family":"Pa\u0219ca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech AgriFood Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Frangiamone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech AgriFood Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Mangiapelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1496-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Vila-Donat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech AgriFood Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3771-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"M\u00eerza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5029-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doina","family":"Miere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9469-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists (AOSR), 3 Ilfov St, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0289-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Ma\u00f1es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech AgriFood Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4620-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicia","family":"Loghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Manyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech AgriFood Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.08.016","article-title":"Co-occurrence of mycotoxins: A review on bioanalytical methods for simultaneous analysis in human biological samples, mixture toxicity and risk assessment strategies","volume":"218","author":"Karsauliya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1658570","article-title":"Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited \u2018FAO estimate\u2019of 25%","volume":"60","author":"Eskola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. 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