{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:43:04Z","timestamp":1760114584608,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["Ricerca Corrente 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente 2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. In high-income countries, shopping for non-prescription multivitamin\u2013multimineral supplements has tremendously increased. Objective and Methods. The purpose of this labeling analysis is to inform on the daily elemental iron (with or without vitamin C) supply provided by multivitamin\u2013multimineral supplements sold online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe (amazon.es\u00ae, amazon.de\u00ae, amazon.it\u00ae, and amazon.fr\u00ae). Results. We identified 298 iron-containing multivitamin\u2013multimineral preparations sold by Amazon marketplaces: 153 preparations sourced from amazon.de\u00ae, 68 from amazon.fr\u00ae, 54 from amazon.it\u00ae, and 23 from amazon.es\u00ae. The daily iron dose provided by these preparations was 14 [5\u201314] mg (median and interquartile range), with no differences among the marketplaces. Approximately 90% (n = 265) of the preparations contained ferrous iron. Moreover, 85% (n = 253) of the preparations were fortified with vitamin C in a dose of 80 [40\u2013100] mg daily. Conclusions. The median supply of iron (about 14 mg) and vitamin C (80 mg) in iron-containing multivitamin\u2013multimineral preparations offered on Amazon platforms in Western and Southern Europe falls below that currently recommended for iron deficiency in review articles, namely 100 mg of iron and 500 mg of vitamin C per day. The iron supply of iron-containing multivitamin\u2013multimineral preparations falls also below the dose of 30\u201360 mg advocated to prevent iron deficiency in menstruating women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1726620703000},"page":"3140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Iron Supply of Multivitamins\u2013Multiminerals Commercialized Online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe: A Labeling Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Margherita G. M.","family":"Mattavelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Piccininni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel F.","family":"Toti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario G.","family":"Bianchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Gabutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiano A. G.","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro B.","family":"Far\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio P.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013961","article-title":"Regulation of the iron homeostatic hormone hepcidin","volume":"8","author":"Sangkhae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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