{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:46:39Z","timestamp":1787312799176,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JUYEONG NS Co., Ltd.","award":["202400020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202400020001"]}]},{"name":"JUYEONG NS Co., Ltd.","award":["2016R1A6A1A03007648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1A6A1A03007648"]}]},{"name":"JUYEONG NS Co., Ltd.","award":["2020R1A5A2017323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2017323"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202400020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202400020001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1A6A1A03007648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1A6A1A03007648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A5A2017323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2017323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202400020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202400020001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1A6A1A03007648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1A6A1A03007648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A5A2017323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2017323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis), a species of unicellular algae, can accumulate large amounts of \u03b2-1,3-glucan paramylon, a polysaccharide, in its cytoplasm and has recently attracted interest as a bioproduct due to its various health benefits. In this study, the immune-enhancing effect of E. gracilis powder (EP) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Methods: In vitro, the production of NO and cytokines and the mechanism of the signaling pathway of \u03b2-1,3-glucan were identified in RAW264.7 cells. In vivo, cyclophosphamide-induced (CP-induced) immunosuppressed C57BL\/6 female mice were orally administered with three different concentrations (100, 300, and 600 mg\/kg) of EP daily. After 14 days, the organs and whole blood were collected from each animal for further study. Results: The weight loss of CP-treated mice was reversed by treatment with EP to levels comparable to those of control mice. In addition, the frequencies of NK1.1+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and B220+ in immune cells isolated from the spleen were increased by EP treatment compared with water or RG. The secretion of TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-12 from splenocytes was also increased by EP treatment, as was the level of IgM in the serum of the mice. Finally, EP treatment specifically upregulated the expression of dectin-1 in the liver of CP-treated mice. Conclusions: E. gracilis could be a good candidate for a natural immune stimulator in the innate and adaptive response by secreting TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-12 through stimulating dectin-1 expression on the surface of immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T03:34:20Z","timestamp":1726716860000},"page":"3158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Euglena gracilis Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immunity through Specific Expression of Dectin-1 in CP-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hwan Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yeon","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyojeung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), Cancer Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9131-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyosun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00097-13","article-title":"CD4+ T Cells: Guardians of the phagosome","volume":"27","author":"Tubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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