{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:42:10Z","timestamp":1783723330288,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006182","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o do Esp\u00edrito Santo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-MHRH6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-MHRH6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006182","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o do Esp\u00edrito Santo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-13H7D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-13H7D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Capsinoids are potential antioxidant agents capable of reducing oxidative damage and the resulting complications triggered by obesity. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of capsinoids on adiposity and biomarkers of cardiac oxidative stress in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet. Methods: Male Wistar rats were exposed to a high-fat diet for 27 consecutive weeks. After the characterization of obesity (week 19), some of the obese animals began to receive capsinoids (10 mg\/kg\/day) by orogastric gavage. Adiposity and comorbidities were assessed. In the heart, remodeling, injury, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were determined. Results: The treatment did not reduce obesity-induced adiposity but was efficient in reducing cholesterol levels. Capsinoid treatment did not cause a difference in heart and LV mass, despite having reduced troponin I concentrations. Furthermore, capsinoids did not reduce the increase in the advanced oxidation of protein products and carbonylated proteins caused by obesity in cardiac tissue. In addition, obese rats treated with capsinoids presented high levels of malondialdehyde and greater antioxidant enzyme activity compared to untreated obese rats. Conclusions: In conclusion, treatment with capsinoids increases antioxidative enzyme activity and prevents obesity-induced cardiac injury without positively modulating body fat accumulation and cardiac oxidative biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T07:38:57Z","timestamp":1726817937000},"page":"3183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Capsinoids Increase Antioxidative Enzyme Activity and Prevent Obesity-Induced Cardiac Injury without Positively Modulating Body Fat Accumulation and Cardiac Oxidative Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e9ssia Cristina Carvalho","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Furtado","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiane Merigueti","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Martins","family":"Simmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evellyn Rodrigues","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-4007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Martinuzo","family":"Filetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Sales","family":"Bocalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Renata","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-686, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Lima-Leopoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Soares","family":"Leopoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5937\/jomb0-24652","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the development of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders","volume":"40","author":"Pap","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hawkes, C., Fanzo, J., and Udomkesmalee, E. (2017). Nourishing the SDGs: Global Nutrition Report 2017, Development Initiatives Poverty Research Ltd."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosqueda-Sol\u00eds, A., S\u00e1nchez, J., Reyn\u00e9s, B., Palou, M., Portillo, M.P., Palou, A., and Pic\u00f3, C. (2018). Hesperidin and capsaicin, but not the combination, prevent hepatic steatosis and other metabolic syndrome-related alterations in western diet-fed rats. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32875-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Zheng, S., Feng, Q., Zhang, Q., and Xiao, X. (2017). Dietary capsaicin and its anti-obesity potency: From mechanism to clinical implications. Biosci. Rep., 37.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20170286"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation (WOF) (2024, March 12). World Obesity Atlas 2024. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldobesity.org\/publications\/?cat=22."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, May 25). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12053117","article-title":"Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Obesity","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00379.2020","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity","volume":"320","author":"Kawai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318093","article-title":"Obesity, adipose tissue and vascular dysfunction","volume":"128","author":"Koenen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.05.001","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis: Pathophysiologic pathways, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"164","author":"Cavalera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.011","article-title":"Obesity: Pathophysiology and management","volume":"71","author":"Gadde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319270003","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome: An update on antioxidant therapies","volume":"19","author":"Ilkun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e984","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Poirier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Martorell, M., Arbiser, J.L., Sureda, A., Martins, N., Maurya, P.K., Sharifi-Rad, M., Kumar, P., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2018). Antioxidants: Positive or negative actors?. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8040124"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.21800\/S0009-67252014000300017","article-title":"Radicais livres: Em busca do equil\u00edbrio","volume":"66","author":"Martelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Cult."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ferreira, L.G., and Lunz, W. (2022). T\u00f3picos em Fisiologia e Bioqu\u00edmica com \u00canfase no Exerc\u00edcio e Treinamento F\u00edsico, Editora da Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010072","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Cancer: Chemopreventive and therapeutic role of triphala","volume":"9","author":"Prasad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.8.1865","article-title":"Redefining Oxidative Stress","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.043","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk: Obesity, diabetes, smoking, and pollution: Part 3 of a 3-Part Series","volume":"70","author":"Niemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.035","article-title":"Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Heart and Vasculature: Part 2 of a 3-Part Series","volume":"70","author":"Camici","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030781","article-title":"Mechanistic Basis for the Role of Phytochemicals in Inflammation-Associated Chronic Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Cote","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9090252","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds in Anti-Diabetic Plants: From herbal medicine to modern drug discovery","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Cansian, A.C.C. (2016). Efeitos da Ingest\u00e3o de Capsin\u00f3ides Sobre a Adiposidade Corporal em Ratos Wistar. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7370","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1913989","article-title":"Sweet pepper and its principle constituent capsiate: Functional properties and health benefits","volume":"62","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26561","article-title":"Effects of novel capsinoid treatment of fatness and energy metabolism in humans: Possible pharmacogenetic implications","volume":"89","author":"Snitker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509991358","article-title":"Effect of capsinoids on energy metabolism in humans","volume":"103","author":"Galgani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90570","article-title":"Assessment of the biological similarity of three capsaicin analogs (Capsinoids) found in non-pungent Chilli Pepper (CH-Sweet) fruits","volume":"74","author":"Sasahara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosc. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E586","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00132.2017","article-title":"Dihydrocapsiate improved age-associated impairments in mice by increasing energy expenditure","volume":"313","author":"Ohyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500178094","article-title":"Protective effect of capsinoid on lipid peroxidation in rat tissues induced by Fe-NTA","volume":"39","author":"Rosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12131","article-title":"High-fat diet induces leptin resistance in leptin-deficient mice","volume":"26","author":"Koch","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2256","article-title":"Effects of exercise training intensity on nocturnal growth hormone secretion in obese adults with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Irving","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E977","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.6.E977","article-title":"Effects of high-fat diet and exercise training on intracellular glucose metabolism in rats","volume":"278","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15635","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15635","article-title":"High-fat, high-sucrose, and combined high-fat\/high-sucrose diets effects in oxidative stress and inflammation in male rats under presence or absence of obesity","volume":"11","author":"Kobi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias, A.M., Coelho, P.M., Marques, V.B., Santos, L., Assis, A.L.E.M., Nogueira, B.V., Lima-Leopoldo, A.P., and Leopoldo, A.S. (2020). Hypercaloric diet models do not develop heart failure, but the excess sucrose promotes contractility dysfunction. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228860"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) (2019). Guia de Eutan\u00e1sia para Animais de Ensino e Pesquisa, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1992.tb02466.x","article-title":"The influence of dietary fat on food intake and body weight","volume":"50","author":"Rolls","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1996.0302","article-title":"Detection of obesity QTLs on mouse chromosomes 1 and 7 by selective DNA pooling","volume":"34","author":"Taylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, B.F., Costa-Pereira, L.V., Andrade, J.A., Magalh\u00e3es, C.O.D., Pereira, R.R.S., Esteves, E.A., Cassilhas, R.C., Andrade, E.F., Gripp, F., and Magalh\u00e3es, F.C. (2022). Superior cardiometabolic and cellular adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily sessions of high-intensity interval training in Wistar rats. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24906-y"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD) (2019). Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes 2019\u20132020, Clannad Editora Cient\u00edfica."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H941","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1982.243.6.H941","article-title":"Use of tibial length to quantify cardiac hypertrophy: Application in the aging rat","volume":"243","author":"Yin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2014.04.034","article-title":"Simplified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine spectrophotometric assay for quantification of carbonyls in oxidized proteins","volume":"458","author":"Mesquita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.19.03058-X","article-title":"Rodent models of obesity","volume":"45","author":"Doulberis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000168","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models","volume":"23","author":"Hariri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00647-2","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity in animal models: Points to consider and influence on metabolic markers","volume":"13","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112461","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced aggravation of cardiovascular impairment in permethrin-treated Wistar rats","volume":"222","author":"Feriani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michicoti-Meneses, M.M., Thompson-Bonilla, M.R., Reyes-L\u00f3pez, C.A., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, B.E., L\u00f3pez-Tenorio, I.I., Ordaz-Pichardo, C., and Jaramillo-Flores, M.E. (2021). Inflammation Markers in Adipose Tissue and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction by Pomegranate Juice in Obesity Induced by a Hypercaloric Diet in Wistar Rats. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082577"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapa-Oliver, A., and Mej\u00eda-Teniente, L. (2016). Capsaicin: From plants to a cancer-suppressing agent. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21080931"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2996","article-title":"Capsinoids supress fat accumulation via lipid metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu068","article-title":"Dietary Capsaicin Ameliorates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis Through the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilari\u00f1o-Garc\u00eda, T., Polonio-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.L., P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez, A., Ribalta, J., Arrieta, F., Aguilar, M., Obaya, J.C., Gimeno-Orna, J.A., Iglesias, P., and Navarro, J. (2024). Role of Leptin in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042338"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.50.351","article-title":"Effects of capsinoid on serum and liver lipids in hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"50","author":"Tani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo30321g","article-title":"The hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids in ovariectomized rats fed with a cholesterol-free diet was mediated by inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"75","article-title":"Obesity: Considerations about etiology, metabolism, and the use of experimental models","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.04.001","article-title":"Obesity, Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Disease: A joint expert review from the Obesity Medicine Association and the National Lipid Association 2024","volume":"18","author":"Bays","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.12.003","article-title":"New advances of adiponectin in regulating obesity and related metabolic syndromes","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.06.003","article-title":"Biomarkers in HF: How Does the \u201cWeight\u201d Weigh in?","volume":"29","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.33594\/000000441","article-title":"High-Fat and Combined High-Fat and Sucrose Diets Promote Cardiac Oxidative Stress Independent of Nox2 Redox Regulation and Obesity in Rats","volume":"55","author":"Gasparini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491963","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/491963","article-title":"TRPV1 Activation Attenuates High-Salt Diet-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis through PPAR-\u03b4 Upregulation","volume":"2014","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.03.029","article-title":"The Influence of Body Mass Index on Clinical Interpretation of Established and Novel Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure","volume":"29","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.118349","article-title":"TRPV1 gene deletion exacerbates inflammation and atypical cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9152732","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9152732","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species: A key hallmark of cardiovascular disease","volume":"2016","author":"Panth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000262","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2015-000262","article-title":"Capsaicin may have important potential for promoting vascular and metabolic health","volume":"2","author":"McCarty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2012.09.011","article-title":"Superoxide production during ischemia\u2013reperfusion in the perfused rat heart: A comparison of two methods of measurement","volume":"53","author":"Liimatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirci-\u00c7eki\u00e7, S., \u00d6zkan, G., Avan, C.N., Uzunboy, S., \u00c7apano\u011flu, E., and Apak, R. (2022). Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 209.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114477"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8267234","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8267234","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome and associated diseases","volume":"2019","author":"Vona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:00:51Z","timestamp":1760112051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/18\/3183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16183183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16183183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]}}}