{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:22Z","timestamp":1787029222669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Carotenoids are present throughout retina and body its dense deposition leads to an identifiable yellow spot in the macula. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measured in the macula is vital to macular well-being and high-resolution visual acuity. MPOD has also been associated with various health and disease states. We sought to review the literature on this topic and summarize MPODs role as a measurable modifiable clinical biomarker, particularly as a measure of the eye\u2019s antioxidant capacity in the context of oxidative damage and retinal ischemia. Methods: A literature review collated the articles relevant to MPOD, carotenoid intake or supplementation, and their influence on various health and disease states. Results: Literature reveals that MPOD can serve as a reliable biomarker for assessing the retinal defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and the deleterious effects of excessive light exposure. Elevated MPOD levels offer robust protection against the onset and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a prevalent cause of vision impairment among the elderly population. MPOD\u2019s implications in diverse ocular conditions, including diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, have been explored, underscoring the real need for clinical measurement of MPOD. The integration of MPOD measurement into routine eye examinations presents an unparalleled opportunity for early disease detection, precise treatment planning, and longitudinal disease monitoring. Conclusions: Longitudinal investigations underscore the significance of MPOD in the context of age-related ocular diseases. These studies show promise and elucidate the dynamic nuances of MPOD\u2019s status and importance as a measurable, modifiable clinical biomarker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T09:16:10Z","timestamp":1727428570000},"page":"3273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Macular Pigment Optical Density as a Measurable Modifiable Clinical Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Abdul","family":"Masri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Armanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0024-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiko","family":"Inouye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis L.","family":"Geierhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EyePromise, LLC, Chesterfield, MO 63005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6683-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinakin Gunvant","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"},{"name":"EyePromise, LLC, Chesterfield, MO 63005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2860-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balamurali","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2033","article-title":"Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids","volume":"34","author":"Bone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Investig. 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