{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:55:52Z","timestamp":1791856552116,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kirin Holdings Company, Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Prebiotics and probiotics have been reported to improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Nevertheless, the effects of prebiotics\/probiotics can vary depending on the IBS subtypes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of personalized prebiotic and probiotic supplements based on intestinal microbiota and IBS subtypes in patients. Methods: Patients with diarrhea-type IBS (IBS-D), constipation-type IBS (IBS-C), and mixed-type IBS (IBS-M) were enrolled (n = 40 per group; total: n = 120). Personalized prebiotic and probiotic supplements were determined according to the IBS subtypes and intestinal microbiota. The patients received supplements for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the IBS-severity scoring system from baseline to week 4. Results:The IBS-severity scoring system significantly decreased in all patients (\u221238.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): \u221253.6, \u221222.4]; p &lt; 0.001), in patients with IBS-D (\u221244.5 [95% CI: \u221270.6, \u221218.5]; p = 0.004) and IBS-C (\u221251.2 [95% CI: \u221279.4, \u221222.9]; p = 0.002), but not in those with IBS-M (\u221220.0 [95% CI: \u221248.0, 8.1]; p = 0.47). In this study, no serious adverse events were observed that had a causal relationship with the intervention. Conclusions: In conclusion, personalized prebiotic and probiotic supplements selected according to individual intestinal microbiota and IBS subtype may alleviate the severity of IBS symptoms, particularly in patients with IBS-C and IBS-D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:57:52Z","timestamp":1727755072000},"page":"3333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Personalized Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplements on the Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Multicenter Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Science, Health Science Business Division, Kirin Holdings Company, Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Kanayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Science, Health Science Business Division, Kirin Holdings Company, Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Science, Health Science Business Division, Kirin Holdings Company, Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soiken Inc., Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan"},{"name":"EviPRO Co., Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0032, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loukia","family":"Lili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thorne HealthTech, Inc., New York, NY 10019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Torii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Torii Medical Clinic, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-0066, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6759","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6759","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine","volume":"20","author":"Saha","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","article-title":"Bowel Disorders","volume":"150","author":"Lacy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm22037","article-title":"Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Japan, China, and South Korea: An International Cross-sectional Study","volume":"29","author":"Takeoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17132","article-title":"Impact of Rome IV irritable bowel syndrome on work and activities of daily living","volume":"56","author":"Goodoory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17356","article-title":"Factors associated with lower disease-specific and generic health-related quality of life in Rome IV irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Goodoory","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh, S.D., Sun, N., Canakis, A., Park, W.Y., and Weber, H.C. (2023). Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072558"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, P.P., Chin, V.K., Looi, C.Y., Wong, W.F., Madhavan, P., and Yong, V.C. (2019). The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome\u2014A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01870"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.049","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome-A Systematic Review","volume":"157","author":"Pittayanon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157697","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2157697","article-title":"Gut microbiome signatures reflect different subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i36.4532","article-title":"Association of symptoms with gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Malinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.049","article-title":"Identification of an Intestinal Microbiota Signature Associated With Severity of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Tap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03848.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: A multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzyd\u0142o-Radoma\u0144ska, B., Prozorow-Kr\u00f3l, B., Cicho\u017c-Lach, H., Majsiak, E., Bier\u0142a, J.B., Kanarek, E., Sowi\u0144ska, A., and Cukrowska, B. (2021). The Effectiveness and Safety of Multi-Strain Probiotic Preparation in Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030756"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14751","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14751","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study assessing the impact of probiotic supplementation on the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in females","volume":"29","author":"Mullish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10631","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i48.10631","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity improves equally with probiotic and placebo","volume":"22","author":"Lyra","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaque, S.M., Khosruzzaman, S.M., Ahmed, D.S., and Sah, M.P. (2018). A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of a multi-strain probiotic formulation (Bio-Kult\u00ae) in the management of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0788-9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12787","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: A liquid multi-strain probiotic vs. placebo in the irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A 12 week double-blind study","volume":"40","author":"Sisson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3154","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3154","article-title":"Soluble or insoluble fibre in irritable bowel syndrome in primary care? Randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"339","author":"Bijkerk","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzyd\u0142o-Radoma\u0144ska, B., Prozorow-Kr\u00f3l, B., Cicho\u017c-Lach, H., Majsiak, E., Bier\u0142a, J.B., Kosikowski, W., Szczerbi\u0144ski, M., Gantzel, J., and Cukrowska, B. (2020). The Effectiveness of Synbiotic Preparation Containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Probiotic Strains and Short Chain Fructooligosaccharides in Patients with Diarrhea Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome-A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071999"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm21202","article-title":"Compositional Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Responders and Non-responders to Probiotic Treatment Among Patients With Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"28","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.018","article-title":"Efficacy of Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"165","author":"Goodoory","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18871-1","article-title":"Health and disease markers correlate with gut microbiome composition across thousands of people","volume":"11","author":"Manor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138672","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2138672","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based personalized diet: A pilot clinical study for irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Karakan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napolitano, M., Fasulo, E., Ungaro, F., Massimino, L., Sinagra, E., Danese, S., and Mandarino, F.V. (2023). Gut Dysbiosis in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review on Correlation with Disease Subtypes and Novel Therapeutic Implications. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102369"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2024, September 29). ROMEFOUNDATION Rome IV Criteria. Available online: https:\/\/theromefoundation.org\/rome-iv\/rome-iv-criteria\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbaa013","article-title":"Improved gastrointestinal health for irritable bowel syndrome with metagenome-guided interventions","volume":"3","author":"Meydan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Precis. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","article-title":"The irritable bowel severity scoring system: A simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress","volume":"11","author":"Francis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1799-9","article-title":"Validation of the Japanese version of the Rome II modular questionnaire and irritable bowel syndrome severity index","volume":"41","author":"Shinozaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6722.439","article-title":"Detection of pseudodiarrhoea by simple clinical assessment of intestinal transit rate","volume":"300","author":"Virjee","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13746","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Bristol Stool Form Scale in healthy adults and patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.08.029","article-title":"Recent findings in Akkermansia muciniphila-regulated metabolism and its role in intestinal diseases","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Andrews, S. (2024, September 29). FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Available online: http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breitwieser, F.P., Baker, D.N., and Salzberg, S.L. (2018). KrakenUniq: Confident and fast metagenomics classification using unique k-mer counts. Genome Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1568-0"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D581","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1105","article-title":"EuPathDB: The eukaryotic pathogen genomics database resource","volume":"45","author":"Aurrecoechea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, H., Rahnavard, A., McIver, L.J., Ma, S., Zhang, Y., Nguyen, L.H., Tickle, T.L., Weingart, G., Ren, B., and Schwager, E.H. (2021). Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies. PLoS Comput. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.20.427420"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31817fadd6","article-title":"Clinical trial on the efficacy of a new symbiotic formulation, Flortec, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A multicenter, randomized study","volume":"42","author":"Andriulli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy376","article-title":"Prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional bowel disorders in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"109","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, Q., and Li, L. (2024). The Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132114"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Rosa, C., Altomare, A., Terrigno, V., Carbone, F., Tack, J., Cicala, M., and Guarino, M.P.L. (2023). Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-C): Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and Symptoms. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071647"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, X., E, F.F., Guo, K.L., Li, Y.F., Zhao, H.L., Wang, Y., Chen, N., Nian, T., Yang, C.Q., and Yang, K.H. (2022). Effectiveness and Safety of Probiotics for Patients with Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 10 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122482"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04328.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Factors affecting placebo response rate in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Ford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00023-6","article-title":"The placebo response rate in pharmacological trials in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Bosman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00650.x","article-title":"The placebo effect in irritable bowel syndrome trials: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Liu, Q., Luo, M., and Xiong, L. (2021). Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.729346"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, X., Tian, Z., Li, L., Zeng, Z., Chen, M., and Xiong, L. (2018). Fecal Microbiota Alterations Associated With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01600"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5936","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5936","article-title":"Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome distinguishable by 16S rRNA gene phylotype quantification","volume":"15","author":"Lyra","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111795","article-title":"Mucin degradation in human colon ecosystems. Isolation and properties of fecal strains that degrade ABH blood group antigens and oligosaccharides from mucin glycoproteins","volume":"75","author":"Hoskins","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.21772","article-title":"The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: An emerging story","volume":"3","author":"Jeffery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07008","article-title":"A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease","volume":"453","author":"Mazmanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzawi, T. (2022). Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071332"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319630","article-title":"Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for patients with irritable bowel syndrome in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"69","author":"Hatlebakk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.2710","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus in treating irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Tiequn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.06.026","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 Alleviates Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Prevents Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, J.H., Jang, Y.S., Kang, D., Chang, D.K., and Min, Y.W. (2019). Efficacy and Safety of New Lactobacilli Probiotics for Unconstipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122887"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsw002","article-title":"The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness","volume":"23","author":"Nishijima","year":"2016","journal-title":"DNA Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/19\/3333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:08:19Z","timestamp":1760112499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/19\/3333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16193333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16193333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}}}