{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:18Z","timestamp":1760146098491,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Bountiful Co. (Ronkonkoma, NY, USA)","award":["NBTY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBTY001"]}]},{"name":"Exercise &amp; Sport Nutrition Lab","award":["NBTY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBTY001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Previous trials have displayed augmented intracellular vitamin C concentrations in the leukocytes at 24 h after acute supplementation with 1000 mg calcium ascorbate (CA), compared to ascorbic acid (AA). Objective: The primary objective was to evaluate comparative leukocyte vitamin C accumulation kinetics over 32 h following acute 250 mg or 500 mg doses from the two sources. Secondary objectives were to evaluate neutrophil phagocytic function and lymphocyte differentiation between the two sources of vitamin C. Methods: Ninety-three healthy females (250 mg, n = 27; 500 mg, n = 24) and males (250 mg, n = 19; 500 mg, n = 23) were assigned to ingest a single dose of CA or AA providing 250 mg or 500 mg of vitamin C in two separate double-blind, randomized crossover trials. Results: There were no significant differences in the primary or secondary outcomes between the two treatments in the 250 mg low-dose study. Conversely, there was evidence that ingestion of 500 mg of CA increased DHA in plasma, increased neutrophil functionality during the first 8 h of the PK study, promoted increased natural killer cells, and altered weight-adjusted PK profiles, suggesting greater volume distribution and clearance from the blood. Conclusions: These findings indicate that 500 mg of CA may promote some immune benefits compared to 500 mg of AA ingestion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T11:29:24Z","timestamp":1727868564000},"page":"3358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effectiveness of Ascorbic Acid vs. Calcium Ascorbate Ingestion on Pharmacokinetic Profiles and Immune Biomarkers in Healthy Adults: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Broderick","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7279-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Sowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9940-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Kendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choongsung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joungbo","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9187-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syamkumar Sivasankara","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticulture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jigna R.","family":"Bhamore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticulture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhimanagouda S.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticulture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gus A.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Kreider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticulture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, 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