{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:31:26Z","timestamp":1788813086700,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of the current evidence on Alpinia officinarum Hance (A. officinarum) and its potential therapeutic role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. CNS disorders encompass a wide range of disorders affecting the brain and spinal cord, leading to various neurological, cognitive and psychiatric impairments. In recent years, natural products have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of CNS disorders due to their outstanding bioactivity and favourable safety profile. One such plant is A. officinarum, also known as lesser galangal, a perennial herb from the Zingiberaceae family. Its phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids and phenols have been documented to have a powerful antioxidants effect, capable of scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage. Methods: In this review, we critically evaluate the in vitro and in vivo studies and examine the mechanisms by which A. officinarum exerts its neuroprotective effect. Results: Several studies have confirmed that A. officinarum exerts its neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, promoting neurite outgrowth, and modulating neurotransmitter levels and signalling pathways. Conclusions: Although previous studies have shown promising results in various models of neurological disorders, the underlying mechanisms of A. officinarum in Alzheimer\u2019s (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) are still poorly understood. Further studies on brain tissue and cognitive and motor functions in animal models of AD and PD are needed to validate the results observed in in vitro studies. In addition, further clinical studies are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of A. officinarum in CNS disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T04:49:02Z","timestamp":1728017342000},"page":"3378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Alpinia officinarum Hance (Galangal): A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izzat Zulhilmi","family":"Abd Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3014-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Hajar","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine & Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adila A.","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Helmy","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8423-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslinda","family":"Mustafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1688-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Izhar Ariff Mohd","family":"Kashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Shariah, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0283-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ami","family":"Febriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Makassar 90221, South Sulawesi, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Izzati","family":"Mansor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2019.09.007","article-title":"Analysis of Alpina officinarum Hance, chemically and biologically","volume":"27","author":"Alasmary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. 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