{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:35:15Z","timestamp":1784248515958,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1I1A3067369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A3067369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A2C4002468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C4002468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1H1A2093436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1H1A2093436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hallym University Medical Center Research Fund","award":["2020R1I1A3067369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A3067369"]}]},{"name":"Hallym University Medical Center Research Fund","award":["2019R1A2C4002468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C4002468"]}]},{"name":"Hallym University Medical Center Research Fund","award":["2021R1H1A2093436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1H1A2093436"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent studies suggest a critical role for vitamin D in respiratory diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and chronic rhinitis, particularly in middle- and older-aged populations, remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D deficiency and chronic rhinitis in middle- and older-aged adults while controlling for lifestyle and physical status factors. Methods: Data from 12,654 participants aged 40 years and older were analyzed from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010\u20132012). The prevalence of chronic rhinitis and its association with serum vitamin D levels were assessed using multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and physical characteristics. Results: The prevalence of chronic rhinitis was 21.1%. Participants with chronic rhinitis had a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (69.9% vs. 65.2%) and lower mean vitamin D levels (17.73 ng\/mL vs. 18.19 ng\/mL) compared to those without chronic rhinitis. After adjusting for confounding factors, vitamin D deficiency remained significantly associated with an increased likelihood of chronic rhinitis (OR = 1.21, 95% CI, 1.082\u20131.348, p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study identifies a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and chronic rhinitis in middle- and older-aged adults, suggesting that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels may be important in managing chronic rhinitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:08:18Z","timestamp":1728284898000},"page":"3385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency as a Contributing Factor to Chronic Rhinitis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: An Epidemiological Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Chul","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9969-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do-Yang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.007","article-title":"Rhinitis 2020: A practice parameter update","volume":"146","author":"Dykewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15223","article-title":"The prevalence of non-allergic rhinitis phenotypes in the general population: A cross-sectional study","volume":"77","author":"Avdeeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2015.12.010","article-title":"Rhinitis in the Elderly","volume":"36","author":"Baptist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13200","article-title":"Non-allergic rhinitis: Position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":"72","author":"Hellings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8127","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095383","article-title":"Regulation of Dendritic Cell Function by Vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Barragan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J., Do, L.A.H., Toh, Z.Q., Hoe, E., Reitsma, A., Mulholland, K., and Licciardi, P.V. (2020). Vitamin D Induces Differential Effects on Inflammatory Responses During Bacterial and\/or Viral Stimulation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00602"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, B., El Abd, A., and Ducharme, F.M. (2022). Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102134"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13739","article-title":"Null association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with allergic rhinitis, allergic sensitization and non-allergic rhinitis: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05546-x","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of vitamin D supplementation on allergic rhinitis","volume":"276","author":"Bakhshaee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13241","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in primary allergy prevention: Systematic review of randomized and non-randomized studies","volume":"73","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12599","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.08.018","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in Korean adults","volume":"111","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2011.32.3485","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for allergic disorders and immune mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Frieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.2017.7.2.65","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in allergic rhinitis","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000540376","article-title":"Micronutrients and Allergic Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"6","author":"Changhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-6-10","article-title":"Rhinitis in the geriatric population","volume":"6","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.052","article-title":"Air pollution, environmental chemicals, and smoking may trigger vitamin D deficiency: Evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Mousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2012.6.1.86","article-title":"Sex-specific relationships between alcohol consumption and vitamin D levels: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.aug.S124-S126","article-title":"Do body fat and exercise modulate vitamin D status?","volume":"65","author":"Looker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.H., Lee, B., Lee, J.Y., Kim, C.H., Park, B., Kim, D.Y., Kim, H.J., and Park, D.Y. (2020). Relationship between Sleep Duration, Sun Exposure, and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status: A Cross-sectional Study. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61061-8"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2020.08.006","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with obesity: A meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Fiamenghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr (Rio J)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087288","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Forman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.118","article-title":"Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Mitri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1552849","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with dyslipidemia: A cross-sectional study in 3788 subjects","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C., and Velleuer, E. (2024). Vitamin D and Aging: Central Role of Immunocompetence. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030398"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruggiero, C., Tafaro, L., Cianferotti, L., Tramontana, F., Macchione, I.G., Caffarelli, C., Virdis, A., Ferracci, M., Rinonapoli, G., and Mecocci, P. (2024). Targeting the Hallmarks of Aging with Vitamin D: Starting to Decode the Myth. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.0378.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09522-y","article-title":"Vitamin D in physiological and pathological aging: Lesson from centenarians","volume":"20","author":"Ferri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"32","article-title":"Vitamin D status as an international issue: National surveys and the problem of standardization","volume":"243","author":"Sempos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1009570","article-title":"Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency","volume":"364","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1080S","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences","volume":"87","author":"Holick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: What clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e46275","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels in Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Patients With or Without Nasal Polyposis: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Pantazidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02147-x","article-title":"Recent advances in vitamin D implications in chronic respiratory diseases","volume":"23","author":"Gaudet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Yang, J., Hu, X., Li, M., Wang, Q., Dancer, R.C.A., Parekh, D., Gao-Smith, F., Thickett, D.R., and Jin, S. (2020). Vitamin D attenuates lung injury via stimulating epithelial repair, reducing epithelial cell apoptosis and inhibits TGF-\u03b2 induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Biochem. Pharmacol., 177.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113955"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12233","article-title":"Impaired cardiac autonomic functions in apparently healthy subjects with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"20","author":"Canpolat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.250209","article-title":"Vitamin D in the Spectrum of Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction","volume":"147","author":"Dimova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04325.x","article-title":"Vitamin D3 correlates inversely with systemic dendritic cell numbers and bone erosion in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis","volume":"164","author":"Mulligan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4267","article-title":"The relationship between serum vitamin D and chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Stokes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.1.149","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adults aged 50 years and older in Gwangju, Korea: The Dong-gu Study","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/19\/3385\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:10:56Z","timestamp":1760112656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/19\/3385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16193385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16193385","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]}}}