{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T12:03:21Z","timestamp":1781697801789,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Department of Pediatrics to Attia","award":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"University of Kentucky Department of Pediatrics to Attia","award":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"]}]},{"name":"University of Kentucky Department of Pediatrics to Attia","award":["K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"University of Kentucky Department of Pediatrics to Attia","award":["#P20GM152304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#P20GM152304"]}]},{"name":"Waterman","award":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"Waterman","award":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"]}]},{"name":"Waterman","award":["K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"Waterman","award":["#P20GM152304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#P20GM152304"]}]},{"name":"Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women\u2019s Healt","award":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women\u2019s Healt","award":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"]}]},{"name":"Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women\u2019s Healt","award":["K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women\u2019s Healt","award":["#P20GM152304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#P20GM152304"]}]},{"name":"NIGMS","award":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH BIRCWH K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"NIGMS","award":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 1K01TW009987-01"]}]},{"name":"NIGMS","award":["K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12DA035150"]}]},{"name":"NIGMS","award":["#P20GM152304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#P20GM152304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Childhood vitamin A deficiency leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Human milk is the only source of vitamin A for exclusively breastfed infants. Dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder (moringa) is a good food source of provitamin A and other carotenoids. Its effect during lactation on human milk vitamin A and carotenoid content is unclear. Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the effect of maternal moringa consumption on human milk retinol and carotenoid concentrations and maternal and infant vitamin A status. Methods: We conducted a 3-month pilot single-blinded cluster-randomized controlled trial in breastfeeding mother\u2013infant pairs (n = 50) in Kenya. Mothers received corn porridge with (20 g\/d) or without moringa with complete breast expressions and maternal and infant serum collected at enrollment (infant &lt;30 days old) and 3 months. Milk was analyzed for retinol and selected carotenoids; maternal\/infant serum was analyzed for retinol binding protein (RBP). Results: 88% (n = 44) pairs completed milk and serum samples. Four mothers (9%) had vitamin A deficiency (RBP &lt;0.07 \u00b5mol\/L); 11 (25%) were vitamin A insufficient (VAI; RBP &lt;1.05 \u00b5mol\/L). Alpha-carotene concentration in milk was higher in the moringa than the control group at baseline (p = 0.024) and at exit (least squares means, LSM, 95%CI \u00b5g\/mL 0.003, 0.003\u20130.004 moringa vs. 0.002, 0.001\u20130.003 control, n = 22\/cluster; p = 0.014). In mothers with VAI, alpha-carotene was higher in the moringa group than controls at exit (LSM, 95%CI \u00b5g\/mL 0.005, 0.003\u20130.009 moringa, n = 3, vs. 0.002, 0.000\u20130.004 control, n = 8, p = 0.027) with no difference at baseline. Milk carotenoids did not correlate with vitamin A status (serum RBP) in infants or mothers. Conclusions: Maternal moringa consumption did not impact concentration of milk vitamin A and resulted in limited increase in milk carotenoids in this cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:54:09Z","timestamp":1728546849000},"page":"3425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Maternal Moringa oleifera Leaf Supplementation on Milk and Serum Vitamin A and Carotenoid Concentrations in a Cohort of Breastfeeding Kenyan Women and Their Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanna Labib","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia A.","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pamoja Community Based Organization, Kisumu 2311-40100, Kenya"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerusha N.","family":"Mogaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E2, Canada"},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Ondondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega P.O. Box 190-50100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aric","family":"Schadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"McQuerry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"George J.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8214-2229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle K.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Waterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4550-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Owuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pamoja Community Based Organization, Kisumu 2311-40100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00039-X","article-title":"Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: A pooled analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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