{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:02:00Z","timestamp":1790020920554,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":356,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Generation EU","award":["DM 1557 11.10.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM 1557 11.10.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Acute sarcopenia refers to the swift decline in muscle function and mass following acute events such as illness, surgery, trauma, or burns that presents significant challenges in hospitalized older adults. Methods: narrative review to describe the mechanisms and management of acute sarcopenia. Results: The prevalence of acute sarcopenia ranges from 28% to 69%, likely underdiagnosed due to the absence of muscle mass and function assessments in most clinical settings. Systemic inflammation, immune\u2013endocrine dysregulation, and anabolic resistance are identified as key pathophysiological factors. Interventions include early mobilization, resistance exercise, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and nutritional strategies such as protein supplementation, leucine, \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methyl-butyrate, omega-3 fatty acids, and creatine monohydrate. Pharmaceuticals show variable efficacy. Conclusions: Future research should prioritize serial monitoring of muscle parameters, identification of predictive biomarkers, and the involvement of multidisciplinary teams from hospital admission to address sarcopenia. Early and targeted interventions are crucial to improve outcomes and prevent long-term disability associated with acute sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:54:09Z","timestamp":1728546849000},"page":"3428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Acute Sarcopenia: Mechanisms and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Damanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Senini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"De Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3584-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Merolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Festorazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Vitali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2030-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Sciorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Rovere-Querini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"393","author":"Sayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07348-6","article-title":"Multimodal Cell Atlas of the Ageing Human Skeletal Muscle","volume":"629","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2010.00594.x","article-title":"Effects of Aging and Gender on the Spatial Organization of Nuclei in Single Human Skeletal Muscle Cells","volume":"9","author":"Cristea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32831b9c31","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Proteolysis in Aging","volume":"12","author":"Combaret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. 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