{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:17:04Z","timestamp":1775513824343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82270836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JYTQN2023017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYTQN2023017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["82270836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270836"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["JYTQN2023017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYTQN2023017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the urinary iodine concentration (UIC)\u2013thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) association and UIC\u2013selenium intake interaction in U.S. adults. Methods: We analyzed 2007\u20132012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data on \u226520-year-old adults (n = 6612). Their food and supplemental selenium intake was measured. The associations of the UIC and selenium intake with thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity, thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity, and TAI were assessed via weighted multivariable logistic regression. Interaction and subgroup analyses were conducted. Nonlinear relationships were explored and visualized via restricted cubic splines (RCSs). Results: Compared with a UIC 100~200 \u03bcg\/L, a UIC 500~800 \u03bcg\/L was associated with a 57% increased TPOAb positivity risk (OR = 1.57 [CI = 1.07\u20132.30]; p = 0.022), a one-fold greater TgAb positivity risk (OR = 2.00 [CI = 1.10\u20133.65]; p = 0.025), and a 62% increased TAI risk (OR = 1.62 [CI = 1.07\u20132.45]; p = 0.024). Nonlinear relationships between the UIC and thyroid antibody positivity were observed. According to the univariate models, each 1 \u03bcg increase in selenium intake was associated with a 0.049 IU\/mL decrease in the TPOAb levels (\u03b2 [95% CI] = \u22120.049 [\u22120.092\u2013\u22120.005]; p = 0.028). In the low-selenium group, a UIC of 200~300 \u03bcg\/L was a risk factor for TPOAb positivity (p = 0.046). At a moderate level of selenium intake, a UIC of 300~800 \u03bcg\/L significantly increased the TPOAb positivity risk (all p &lt; 0.05). At a high level of selenium intake, the UIC and TPOAb positivity risks were not significantly associated (all p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: A UIC of 500~800 \u03bcg\/L is an independent TAI risk factor. The selenium intake modifies the UIC\u2013thyroid antibody positivity relationship, with the association disappearing at high selenium levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T08:10:16Z","timestamp":1728634216000},"page":"3443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Relationships among the Urinary Iodine Concentration, Selenium Intake, and Thyroid Antibodies in Adults, Including the Interaction between Iodine and Selenium: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongyan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0067","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Universal Salt Iodization on Thyroid Disorders: Epidemiological Evidence from 31 Provinces of Mainland China","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0212","article-title":"U-shaped relationship between iodine status and thyroid autoimmunity risk in adults","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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