{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:09:13Z","timestamp":1790424553201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Age-related loss of skeletal muscle strength and mass is linked to adverse postoperative outcomes in older individuals with sarcopenia. Half of patients suffer from severe associated osteoarthritis requiring orthopedic interventions. Mitigating the onset and progression of sarcopenia before surgery is essential to improve the prognosis and reduce surgical complications. The aim of this research was to innovatively explore whether the preoperative period could be the appropriate timeframe to empower surgical resilience, through prehabilitation and dietary supplementation, in older sarcopenic patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. Methods: The current literature concerning the effectiveness of prehabilitation and dietary supplementation before knee arthroplasty in sarcopenic older individuals was reviewed, following the SANRA criteria, between December 2023 and February 2024. The study inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) prehabilitation and\/or dietary supplementation interventions; (2) human participants aged 65 years and older; (3) relevant outcome reporting (functional status, postoperative complications, and patient-reported outcomes); and (4) articles written in English The extracted information included study characteristics, demographics, intervention details, outcomes, and the main findings. Results: Merged prehabilitation and dietary supplementation strategies extrapolated from the current literature and involving strength, resistance, balance, and flexibility training, as well as essential amino acids, iron, vitamin D, adenosine triphosphate, and glucosamine sulphate supplementation, could improve the functional capacity, ability to withstand the upcoming surgical stressors, and postoperative outcomes in older people undergoing knee arthroplasty. Conclusions: Addressing complex links between knee osteoarthritis and sarcopenia in older individuals undergoing knee arthroplasty requires a multidimensional approach. Prehabilitation emerges as a crucial preliminary step, allowing the optimization of surgical outcomes. Nutraceutical integration, included in a comprehensive care plan, could have a synergic effect in achieving prehabilitation goals. Those interventions are essential for surgical resilience, in terms of muscle function preservation, recovery acceleration, and overall quality of life enhancement. Intensive collaboration among specialists could advance knowledge and the sharable consensus concerning the critical and evolutive field of perioperative care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T06:46:33Z","timestamp":1728888393000},"page":"3462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Optimizing the Preoperative Preparation of Sarcopenic Older People: The Role of Prehabilitation and Nutritional Supplementation before Knee Arthroplasty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6788-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pegreffi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, \u201cKore\u201d University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Recovery and Functional Rehabilitation, P. Osp. Umberto I, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1256-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Chiaramonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Disability, Handicap, Territorial Rehabilitation, and Prosthetic Assistance, Azienda, Sanitaria Provinciale (ASP), 95124 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Donati Zeppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Lauretani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Zucchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Section, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-3283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Bartolacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilberto","family":"Stocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences for the Promotion of Quality of Life, University San Raffaele, 20132 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.200190","article-title":"Rehabilitation Nutrition and Exercise Therapy for Sarcopenia","volume":"40","author":"Kakehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu115","article-title":"Prevalence of and Interventions for Sarcopenia in Ageing Adults: A Systematic Review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS)","volume":"43","author":"Landi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pegreffi, F., Balestra, A., De Lucia, O., Smith, L., Barbagallo, M., and Veronese, N. (2023). Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041532"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v13.i8.734","article-title":"Paradigm Shift in Gastrointestinal Surgery\u2014Combating Sarcopenia with Prehabilitation: Multimodal Review of Clinical and Scientific Data","volume":"13","author":"Koh","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000663","article-title":"Prehabilitation: Metabolic Considerations","volume":"23","author":"Chabot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.11.011","article-title":"Predictors of Surgery-Induced Muscle Proteolysis in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery","volume":"68","author":"Iida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cisterna, B., and Malatesta, M. (2024). Molecular and Structural Alterations of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Nuclei during Aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031833"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00052-4","article-title":"Quadriceps Strength and Volitional Activation before and after Total Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis","volume":"21","author":"Stevens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2009.10.001","article-title":"Quadriceps Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: Neural Mechanisms and Treatment Perspectives","volume":"40","author":"Rice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannataro, R., Carbone, L., Petro, J.L., Cione, E., Vargas, S., Angulo, H., Forero, D.A., Odriozola-Mart\u00ednez, A., Kreider, R.B., and Bonilla, D.A. (2021). Sarcopenia: Etiology, Nutritional Approaches, and miRNAs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189724"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-01016-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia: No Consensus, No Diagnostic Criteria, and No Approved Indication\u2014How Did We Get Here?","volume":"46","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"601","article-title":"Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2. Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16323","article-title":"Can Artificial Intelligence Simplify the Screening of Muscle Mass Loss?","volume":"9","author":"Buccheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangano, G.R.A., Avola, M., Blatti, C., Caldaci, A., Sapienza, M., Chiaramonte, R., Vecchio, M., Pavone, V., and Testa, G. (2022). Non-Adherence to Anti-Osteoporosis Medication: Factors Influencing and Strategies to Overcome It. A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010014"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014A Scale for the Quality Assessment of Narrative Review Articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briguglio, M., Hrelia, S., Malaguti, M., De Vecchi, E., Lombardi, G., Banfi, G., Riso, P., Porrini, M., Romagnoli, S., and Pino, F. (2020). Oral Supplementation with Sucrosomial Ferric Pyrophosphate Plus L-Ascorbic Acid to Ameliorate the Martial Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020386"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.06.011","article-title":"Total Joint Replacement after Glucosamine Sulphate Treatment in Knee Osteoarthritis: Results of a Mean 8-Year Observation of Patients from Two Previous 3-Year, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trials","volume":"16","author":"Bruyere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz261","article-title":"Clinical Effectiveness of 3 Days Preoperative Treatment with Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Total Knee Arthroplasty Surgery: A Clinical Trial","volume":"113","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, K.Y., Koh, I.J., Kim, M.S., Kim, C., and In, Y. (2022). Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose Improves Response to Postoperative Anemia Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial in Asian Cohort. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092357"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70160","article-title":"Essential Amino Acid Supplementation in Patients Following Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"123","author":"Dreyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2014.03.025","article-title":"Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) on Early Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study","volume":"29","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B2.15122","article-title":"The Effect of Iron Supplementation on the Level of Haemoglobin after Lower Limb Arthroplasty","volume":"87-B","author":"Mundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surgery. Br. Vol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00869.2018","article-title":"Cellular and Morphological Changes with EAA Supplementation before and after Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"127","author":"Muyskens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"412","article-title":"Effects of Supplementation with a Combination of \u03b2-Hydroxy-\u03b2-Methyl Butyrate, L-Arginine, and L-Glutamine on Postoperative Recovery of Quadriceps Muscle Strength after Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"24","author":"Nishizaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.102B6.BJJ-2019-1370.R1","article-title":"2020 Chitranjan S. Ranawat Award: Perioperative Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Suppresses Rectus Femoris Muscle Atrophy and Accelerates Early Functional Recovery Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"102-B","author":"Ueyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.22.00675","article-title":"Perioperative Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Facilitates Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Volume Recovery After TKA: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"105","author":"Ueyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2022.08.020","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Supplementation Prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"38","author":"Weintraub","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001389","article-title":"Efficacy of Intra-Operative Administration of Iron Isomaltoside for Preventing Postoperative Anaemia after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"38","author":"Yoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200410000-00008","article-title":"Predicting the Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"86","author":"Lingard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M152","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/51A.4.M152","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Functional Outcome of Total Knee Replacement: A Prospective Study","volume":"51A","author":"Sharma","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Preoperative Quadriceps Strength Predicts Functional Ability One Year after Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"32","author":"Mizner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00299","article-title":"Preoperative Predictors of Persistent Impairments During Stair Ascent and Descent After Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"92","author":"Zeni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg.-Am. Vol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2016.8.2.153","article-title":"Effect of Preoperative Vitamin D Levels on Functional Performance after Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"8","author":"Maniar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2020.08.003","article-title":"The Association of Calcium and Vitamin D Use With Implant Survival of Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"36","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegde, V., Arshi, A., Wang, C., Buser, Z., Wang, J.C., Jensen, A.R., Adams, J.S., Zeegen, E.N., and Bernthal, N.M. (2018). Preoperative Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated With Higher Postoperative Complication Rates in Total Knee Arthroplasty. Orthopedics, 41.","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20180424-04"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.06.003","article-title":"The Effect of Prehabilitation Exercise on Strength and Functioning After Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"1","author":"Topp","year":"2009","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318202e431","article-title":"Prehabilitation Before Total Knee Arthroplasty Increases Strength and Function in Older Adults With Severe Osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Swank","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, E.O., Roos, E.M., Meichtry, A., De Bie, R.A., and Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A. (2015). Effect of Preoperative Neuromuscular Training (NEMEX-TJR) on Functional Outcome after Total Knee Replacement: An Assessor-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0556-8"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Hsu, F.-C., Groban, L., Williamson, J., and Messier, S. (2021). A Pilot Study of Aquatic Prehabilitation in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty\u2014Short Term Outcome. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04253-1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2466\/15.06.10.PMS.115.6.765-774","article-title":"Prehabilitation and Quality of Life Three Months after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Study","volume":"115","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Huang, Z., Dai, L., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., and Lin, R. (2022). The Effect of Preoperative Rehabilitation Training on the Early Recovery of Joint Function after Artificial Total Knee Arthroplasty and Its Effect Evaluation. J. Healthc. Eng., 3860991.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3860991"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2011.12.004","article-title":"Effects of a Preoperative Simplified Home Rehabilitation Education Program on Length of Stay of Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2349-z","article-title":"Range of Motion after Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Effect of a Preoperative Home Exercise Program","volume":"22","author":"Matassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2018.72.439-443","article-title":"The Effect of Prehabilitation on Postoperative Outcome in Patients Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"72","author":"Jahic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2016.1138174","article-title":"The Effect of Prehabilitation on the Range of Motion and Functional Outcomes in Patients Following the Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty: A Pilot Randomized Trial","volume":"32","author":"Cavill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2016055","article-title":"Preoperative Physiotherapy and Short-Term Functional Outcomes of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"57","author":"Sharifudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1515992","article-title":"Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of a Tele-Prehabilitation Program and an in-Person Prehablitation Program Compared to Usual Care for Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty Candidates: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"42","author":"Kairy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1166","article-title":"The Effect of a Preoperative Exercise and Education Program on Functional Recovery, Health Related Quality of Life, and Health Service Utilization Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"31","author":"Beaupre","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40945-020-00085-9","article-title":"Preoperative Exercise in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Fucentese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203135","article-title":"Postoperative Effects of Neuromuscular Exercise Prior to Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"73","author":"Villadsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franz, A., Ji, S., Bittersohl, B., Zilkens, C., and Behringer, M. (2022). Impact of a Six-Week Prehabilitation With Blood-Flow Restriction Training on Pre- and Postoperative Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Patients Receiving Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.881484"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-3985-5","article-title":"High-Intensity Preoperative Training Improves Physical and Functional Recovery in the Early Post-Operative Periods after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Calatayud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22825","article-title":"Efficacy of Preoperative Progressive Resistance Training on Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"68","author":"Skoffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519883420","article-title":"Efficacy of Preoperative Progressive Resistance Training in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: 12-Month Follow-up Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"34","author":"Skoffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06029-x","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Effects of Preoperative Strengthening plus Balance Training on Balance and Functional Outcome up to 1 Year Following Total Knee Replacement","volume":"29","author":"Torrella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2018.04.006","article-title":"The Effect of a 12 Week Prehabilitation Program on Pain and Function for Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Controlled Study","volume":"10","author":"Aytekin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"S58","article-title":"The Effect of Preoperative Quadriceps Exercise on Functional Outcome after Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"95","author":"Tungtrongjit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000010","article-title":"Preoperative Physical Therapy Education Reduces Time to Meet Functional Milestones After Total Joint Arthroplasty","volume":"476","author":"Soeters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2012-010128","article-title":"Supervised Exercise plus Acupuncture for Moderate to Severe Knee Osteoarthritis: A Small Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"30","author":"Soni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem119","article-title":"Severe Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture, Physiotherapy (Supervised Exercise) and Standard Management for Patients Awaiting Knee Replacement","volume":"46","author":"Williamson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-023-01157-1","article-title":"Nutrition Interventions on Muscle-Related Components of Sarcopenia in Females: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"114","author":"Thornton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2020.12.021","article-title":"Role of Hormones in Sarcopenia","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Priego","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vitamins and Hormones"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.04.007","article-title":"Protein Intake and Exercise for Optimal Muscle Function with Aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group","volume":"33","author":"Deutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.08.001","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"86","author":"Tournadre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, Y.-T., Lin, J.-Y., Lin, C.-J., Lee, Y.-J., and Chang, W.-H. (2023). Association of Possible Sarcopenia or Sarcopenia with Body Composition, Nutritional Intakes, Serum Vitamin D Levels, and Physical Activity among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Taiwan. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183892"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.11.013","article-title":"Nutritional Status, Body Composition, and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Sarcopenic and Non-Sarcopenic Older Adults: A Case-Control Study","volume":"36","author":"Verlaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.08.016","article-title":"Does Nutrition Play a Role in the Prevention and Management of Sarcopenia?","volume":"37","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.01.009","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-Hydroxy-\u03b2-Methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Lysine Supplementation on Strength, Functionality, Body Composition, and Protein Metabolism in Elderly Women","volume":"20","author":"Flakoll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Fu, X., Hu, Q., Chen, L., and Zuo, H. (2022). The Effect of Leucine Supplementation on Sarcopenia-Related Measures in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17 Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.929891"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.05.021","article-title":"Effects of a Vitamin D and Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Nutritional Supplement on Measures of Sarcopenia in Older Adults, the PROVIDE Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03733.x","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Gait and Balance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Muir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000128198.97260.8B","article-title":"Effects of Oral ATP Supplementation on Anaerobic Power and Muscular Strength","volume":"36","author":"Jordan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03610-2","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Glucosamine Sulphate on Osteoarthritis Progression: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"357","author":"Reginster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.18.2113","article-title":"Glucosamine Sulfate Use and Delay of Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis: A 3-Year, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study","volume":"162","author":"Machacek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12964","article-title":"Gut Microbes and Muscle Function: Can Probiotics Make Our Muscles Stronger?","volume":"13","author":"Giron","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900603","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900603","article-title":"Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Improves Physiological Function and Cognitive Ability in Aged Mice by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota","volume":"63","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101782","article-title":"Lactobacillus Paracasei PS23 Decelerated Age-Related Muscle Loss by Ensuring Mitochondrial Function in SAMP8 Mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGlory, C., Calder, P.C., and Nunes, E.A. (2019). The Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover in Health, Disuse, and Disease. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00144"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.-H., Chiu, W.-C., Hsu, Y.-P., Lo, Y.-L., and Wang, Y.-H. (2020). Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength and Muscle Performance among the Elderly: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123739"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07776-1","article-title":"Effects of Exercise Prehabilitation before Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Functional Outcomes during Pre- and Postoperative Rehabilitation\u2014Protocol for a Single-Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Abel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513493594","article-title":"Effect of Prehabilitation on the Outcome of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction","volume":"41","author":"Shaarani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/20\/3462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:12:24Z","timestamp":1760112744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/20\/3462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16203462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16203462","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]}}}