{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:31:27Z","timestamp":1760146287048,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003092","name":"Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFN 2002-00-001","NWO-MaGW 480-04-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFN 2002-00-001","NWO-MaGW 480-04-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dutch organisation for Scientific Research","award":["DFN 2002-00-001","NWO-MaGW 480-04-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFN 2002-00-001","NWO-MaGW 480-04-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims: Various dietary risk factors for type 2 diabetes have been identified. A short assessment of dietary patterns related to the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus may be relevant in clinical practice given the largely preventable nature of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of a short food frequency questionnaire based on available knowledge of diabetes-related healthy diets. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether a Diabetes Dietary Quality Index based on this questionnaire was related to metabolic risk factors, including measures of beta cell function and insulin sensitivity. Methods: A short food frequency questionnaire was composed by selecting fourteen questions (representing eight dietary factors) from existing food frequency questionnaires on the basis of their reported relationship with diabetes risk. Healthy participants (N = 176) from a Dutch family study completed the questionnaire and a subgroup (N = 123) completed the questionnaire twice. Reproducible items from the short questionnaire were combined into an index. The association between the Diabetes Dietary Quality index and metabolic risk factors was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. Measures of beta cell function and insulin sensitivity were derived from a mixed meal test and an euglycemic\u2013hyperinsulinemic and modified hyperglycemic clamp test. Results: Our results show that this new short food frequency questionnaire is reliable (Intraclass Correlations ranged between 0.5 and 0.9). A higher Diabetes Dietary Quality index score was associated with lower 2 h post-meal glucose (\u03b2 \u22120.02, SE 0.006, p &lt; 0.05), HbA1c (\u03b2 \u22120.07, SE 0.02, p &lt; 0.05), total cholesterol, (\u03b2 \u22120.02, SE 0.07, p &lt; 0.05), LDL cholesterol, (\u03b2 \u22120.19, SE 0.07, p &lt; 0.05), fasting (\u03b2 \u22120.4, SE 0.16, p &lt; 0.05) and post-load insulin, (\u03b2 \u22123.9, SE 1.40, p &lt; 0.05) concentrations and the incremental AUC of glucose during MMT (\u03b2 \u22121.9, SE 0.97, p &lt; 0.05). The scores obtained for the oral glucose insulin sensitivity-derived mixed meal test were higher in subjects who scored higher on the Diabetes Dietary Quality index (\u03b2 0.89, 0.39, p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, we found no significant associations between the Diabetes Dietary Quality index and clamp measures of beta cell function. Conclusions: We identified a questionnaire-derived Diabetes Dietary Quality index that was reproducible and inversely associated with a number of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic risk factors, like 2 h post-meal glucose, Hba1c and LDL, and total cholesterol. Once relative validity has been established, the Diabetes Dietary Quality index could be used by health care professionals to identify individuals with diets adversely related to development of type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T11:28:51Z","timestamp":1729078131000},"page":"3512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a Diabetes Dietary Quality Index: Reproducibility and Associations with Measures of Insulin Resistance, Beta Cell Function, and Hyperglycemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maartje","family":"Zelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemarie M. C.","family":"Simonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7354-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob M.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7099-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorret I.","family":"Boomsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-7651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linde","family":"van Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 BP Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark H. H.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik H.","family":"Sern\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal, Vascular Medicine and Diabetes, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"van Raalte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Neuroscience Institute, 35127 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eco J. C.","family":"de Geus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth M. W.","family":"Eekhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2752-5","article-title":"Improved Lifestyle and Decreased Diabetes Risk Over 13 years: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Randomised Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS)","volume":"56","author":"Peltonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61457-4","article-title":"10-Year Follow-Up of Diabetes Incidence and Weight Loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study","volume":"374","author":"Knowler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00007","article-title":"Lifestyle Interventions for Patients with and at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"159","author":"Dryden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. 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