{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:30:49Z","timestamp":1790721049180,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]],"date-time":"2024-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Kyllikki and Uolevi Lehikoinen Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Kyllikki and Uolevi Lehikoinen Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Kyllikki and Uolevi Lehikoinen Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Kyllikki and Uolevi Lehikoinen Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Kyllikki and Uolevi Lehikoinen Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Kyllikki and Uolevi Lehikoinen Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Kyllikki and Uolevi Lehikoinen Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Government Research Funds","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Government Research Funds","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Government Research Funds","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Government Research Funds","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Government Research Funds","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Government Research Funds","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Government Research Funds","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Gyllenberg Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Gyllenberg Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Gyllenberg Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Gyllenberg Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Gyllenberg Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Gyllenberg Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Gyllenberg Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"State Research Funding\/Hospital District of Southwest Finland","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"State Research Funding\/Hospital District of Southwest Finland","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"State Research Funding\/Hospital District of Southwest Finland","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"State Research Funding\/Hospital District of Southwest Finland","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"State Research Funding\/Hospital District of Southwest Finland","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"State Research Funding\/Hospital District of Southwest Finland","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"State Research Funding\/Hospital District of Southwest Finland","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Maija and Matti Vaskio Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Maija and Matti Vaskio Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Maija and Matti Vaskio Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Maija and Matti Vaskio Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Maija and Matti Vaskio Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Maija and Matti Vaskio Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Maija and Matti Vaskio Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Turku Finnish University Society","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Turku Finnish University Society","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Turku Finnish University Society","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Turku Finnish University Society","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Turku Finnish University Society","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Turku Finnish University Society","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Turku Finnish University Society","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Turku University Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","award":["272376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272376"]}]},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","award":["314383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314383"]}]},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","award":["335443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335443"]}]},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","award":["266286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266286"]}]},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0060547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0060547"]}]},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027232"]}]},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","award":["NNF10OC1013354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF10OC1013354"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Obesity impairs intestinal glucose uptake (GU) (intestinal uptake of circulating glucose from blood) and alters gut microbiome. Exercise improves intestinal insulin-stimulated GU and alters microbiome. Genetics influence the risk of obesity and gut microbiome. However, the role of genetics on the effects of exercise on intestinal GU and microbiome is unclear. Methods: Twelve monozygotic twin pairs discordant for BMI (age 40.4 \u00b1 4.5 years, BMI heavier 36.7 \u00b1 6.0, leaner 29.1 \u00b1 5.7, 8 female pairs) performed a six-month-long training intervention. Small intestine and colonic insulin-stimulated GU was studied using [18F]FDG-PET and microbiota from fecal samples with 16s rRNA. Results: Ten pairs completed the intervention. At baseline, heavier twins had lower small intestine and colonic GU (p &lt; 0.05). Response to exercise differed between twins (p = 0.05), with leaner twins increasing colonic GU. Alpha and beta diversity did not differ at baseline. During the intervention, beta diversity changed significantly, most prominently at the mid-point (p &lt; 0.01). Beta diversity changes were only significant in the leaner twins when the twin groups were analyzed separately. Exercise was associated with changes at the phylum level, mainly at the mid-point (pFDR &lt; 0.05); at the genus level, several microbes increased, such as Lactobacillus and Sellimonas (pFDR &lt; 0.05). In type 1 analyses, many genera changes were associated with exercise, and fewer, such as Lactobacillus, were also associated with dietary sugar consumption (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Obesity impairs insulin-stimulated intestinal GU independent of genetics. Though both twin groups exhibited some microbiota changes, most changes in insulin-stimulated colon GU and microbiota were significant in the leaner twins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T08:53:11Z","timestamp":1729500791000},"page":"3554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Regular Exercise Training Induces More Changes on Intestinal Glucose Uptake from Blood and Microbiota Composition in Leaner Compared to Heavier Individuals in Monozygotic Twins Discordant for BMI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Lietz\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Guzzardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronja","family":"Ojala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Hentil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3817-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marja A.","family":"Heiskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanna M.","family":"Honkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riikka","family":"Lautam\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliisa","family":"L\u00f6yttyniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Kirjavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3591-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Rajander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, Accelerator Laboratory, \u00c5bo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarja","family":"Malm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5537-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Lahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha O.","family":"Rinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsi H.","family":"Pietil\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Abdominal Center, Obesity Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Iozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8692-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarna C.","family":"Hannukainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0168-8","article-title":"Function and Mechanisms of Enteroendocrine Cells and Gut Hormones in Metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Gribble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.08.012","article-title":"The Incretin System and Its Role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"297","author":"Holst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3501-3","article-title":"Obesity-Associated Intestinal Insulin Resistance Is Ameliorated after Bariatric Surgery","volume":"58","author":"Hannukainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"17","article-title":"Part 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"13","author":"Bull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381300-8.00008-3","article-title":"Host-Bacterial Symbiosis in Health and Disease","volume":"107","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124234","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome","volume":"312","author":"Gill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097225","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: Implications for Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":"51","author":"Cronin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14107","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Obesity and Insulin Resistance","volume":"1461","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00431.2016","article-title":"Two Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training, but Not High-Intensity Interval Training, Increases Insulin-Stimulated Intestinal Glucose Uptake","volume":"122","author":"Motiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002112","article-title":"Exercise Training Modulates Gut Microbiota Profile and Improves Endotoxemia","volume":"52","author":"Motiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306541","article-title":"Exercise and Associated Dietary Extremes Impact on Gut Microbial Diversity","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"625","article-title":"The Microbiome of Professional Athletes Differs from That of More Sedentary Subjects in Composition and Particularly at the Functional Metabolic Level","volume":"67","author":"Barton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0290-y","article-title":"The Combination of Sport and Sport-Specific Diet Is Associated with Characteristics of Gut Microbiota: An Observational Study","volume":"16","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estaki, M., Pither, J., Baumeister, P., Little, J.P., Gill, S.K., Ghosh, S., Ahmadi-Vand, Z., Marsden, K.R., and Gibson, D.L. (2016). Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Predictor of Intestinal Microbial Diversity and Distinct Metagenomic Functions. Microbiome, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0189-7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1157-9257","article-title":"Attributes of Physical Activity and Gut Microbiome in Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"41","author":"Shahar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Shi, Y., Wiklund, P., Tan, X., Wu, N., Zhang, X., Tikkanen, O., Zhang, C., Munukka, E., and Cheng, S. (2017). The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Gut Microbiota Composition in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080792"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495","article-title":"Exercise Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Lean and Obese Humans","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szurkowska, J., Wi\u0105cek, J., Laparidis, K., and Karolkiewicz, J. (2021). A Comparative Study of Selected Gut Bacteria Abundance and Fecal pH in Bodybuilders Eating High-Protein Diet and More Sedentary Controls. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114093"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.192","article-title":"Causes and Consequences of Obesity: The Contribution of Recent Twin Studies","volume":"36","author":"Naukkarinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon, T.P.J. (2018). Sources of Inter-Individual Variability in the Therapeutic Response of Blood Glucose Control to Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes: Going Beyond Exercise Dose. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00896"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155725","article-title":"Evolution of Mammals and Their Gut Microbes","volume":"320","author":"Ley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3693","article-title":"Association of Host Genome with Intestinal Microbial Composition in a Large Healthy Cohort","volume":"48","author":"Turpin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3663","article-title":"The Effect of Host Genetics on the Gut Microbiome","volume":"48","author":"Bonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.63","article-title":"Human Genetic Variation and the Gut Microbiome in Disease","volume":"18","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"129","article-title":"The Host Genotype Affects the Bacterial Community in the Human Gastronintestinal Tract","volume":"13","author":"Zoetendal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540","article-title":"A Core Gut Microbiome in Obese and Lean Twins","volume":"457","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.017","article-title":"Genetic Determinants of the Gut Microbiome in UK Twins","volume":"19","author":"Goodrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilchez-Vargas, R., Skieceviciene, J., Lehr, K., Varkalaite, G., Thon, C., Urba, M., Mork\u016bnas, E., Kucinskas, L., Bauraite, K., and Schanze, D. (2022). Gut Microbial Similarity in Twins Is Driven by Shared Environment and Aging. EBioMedicine, 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104011"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiskanen, M.A., Honkala, S.M., Hentil\u00e4, J., Ojala, R., Lautam\u00e4ki, R., Koskensalo, K., Lietz\u00e9n, M.S., Saunavaara, V., Saunavaara, J., and Helmi\u00f6, M. (2021). Systemic Cross-Talk between Brain, Gut, and Peripheral Tissues in Glucose Homeostasis: Effects of Exercise Training (CROSSYS). Exercise Training Intervention in Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Body Weight. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00241-z"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15311","article-title":"Bone Marrow Metabolism Is Affected by Body Weight and Response to Exercise Training Varies According to Anatomical Location","volume":"26","author":"Ojala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.31","article-title":"Adipocyte Morphology and Implications for Metabolic Derangements in Acquired Obesity","volume":"38","author":"Heinonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association 2 (2014). Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 38, S8\u2013S16.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S005"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2064","article-title":"Heart and Skeletal Muscle Glucose Disposal in Type 2 Diabetic Patients as Determined by Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"34","author":"Nuutila","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"E214","article-title":"Glucose Clamp Technique: A Method for Quantifying Insulin Secretion and Resistance","volume":"237","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W310","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad407","article-title":"MicrobiomeAnalyst 2.0: Comprehensive Statistical, Functional and Integrative Analysis of Microbiome Data","volume":"51","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2019.01.018","article-title":"PET-CT Reveals Increased Intestinal Glucose Uptake after Gastric Surgery","volume":"15","author":"Franquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1740","article-title":"GLUT2 Accumulation in Enterocyte Apical and Intracellular Membranes","volume":"60","author":"Poitou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i7.775","article-title":"Glucose Transporter Expression in the Human Colon","volume":"24","author":"Merigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2825-5","article-title":"Validation of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for the Measurement of Intestinal Metabolism in Pigs, and Evidence of Intestinal Insulin Resistance in Patients with Morbid Obesity","volume":"56","author":"Honka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0928","article-title":"Insulin Internalizes GLUT2 in the Enterocytes of Healthy but Not Insulin-Resistant Mice","volume":"57","author":"Tobin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0563-6","article-title":"High and Typical 18F-FDG Bowel Uptake in Patients Treated with Metformin","volume":"35","author":"Gontier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042022-031657","article-title":"Transcellular Barriers to Glucose Delivery in the Body","volume":"86","author":"Klip","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-017-0318-8","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Physiologic Bowel 18F-FDG Uptake","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, J.-S., Lkhagva, E., Jung, S., Kim, H.-J., Chung, H.-J., and Hong, S.-T. (2023). Fecal Microbiome Does Not Represent Whole Gut Microbiome. Cell. Microbiol., 2023.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6868417"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.053","article-title":"Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome","volume":"159","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25973","article-title":"Environment Dominates over Host Genetics in Shaping Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"555","author":"Rothschild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Human Gut Microbes Associated with Obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of Diet in Shaping Gut Microbiota Revealed by a Comparative Study in Children from Europe and Rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, S., Zhang, H., Ye, L., Huang, L., Du, J., Liang, X., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Jiang, Y., and Chen, L. (2024). Combined Analysis of the Microbiome and Metabolome to Reveal the Characteristics of Saliva from Different Diets: A Comparison among Vegans, Seafood-Based Omnivores, and Red Meat (Beef and Lamb) Omnivores. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1419686"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.042","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Determines the Composition of the Murine Gut Microbiome Independently of Obesity","volume":"137","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533611436116","article-title":"Effects of Gut Microbes on Nutrient Absorption and Energy Regulation","volume":"27","author":"Ilhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial Signature of Dysbiosis in Gut Microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12480","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12480","article-title":"Composition of Gut Microbiota and Its Association with Body Mass Index and Lifestyle Factors in a Cohort of 7\u201318 Years Old Children from the American Gut Project","volume":"14","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0459-0","article-title":"Exercise Training Modulates the Gut Microbiota Profile and Impairs Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Obese Children","volume":"52","author":"Quiroga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munukka, E., Ahtiainen, J.P., Puigb\u00f3, P., Jalkanen, S., Pahkala, K., Keskitalo, A., Kujala, U.M., Pietil\u00e4, S., Hollm\u00e9n, M., and Elo, L. (2018). Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is Not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-Weight Women. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02323"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzarelli, A., Giancola, M.L., Fontana, A., Piselli, P., Binda, E., Trivieri, N., Mencarelli, G., Marchioni, L., Vulcano, A., and De Giuli, C. (2022). Gut Microbiota Composition in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients with Mild or Severe Symptoms. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1049215"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa026","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa026","article-title":"Growth Hormone Deficiency and Excess Alter the Gut Microbiome in Adult Male Mice","volume":"161","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2019.02.002","article-title":"Does Endurance Training Improve Red Blood Cell Aging and Hemorheology in Moderate-Trained Healthy Individuals?","volume":"9","author":"Bizjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115-21","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00115-21","article-title":"High-Fiber, Whole-Food Dietary Intervention Alters the Human Gut Microbiome but Not Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"6","author":"Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Zhong, F., Zheng, X., Lai, H.-Y., Wu, C., and Huang, C. (2022). Disparity of Gut Microbiota Composition Among Elite Athletes and Young Adults With Different Physical Activity Independent of Dietary Status: A Matching Study. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.843076"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2021.1871763","article-title":"A Pilot Study on the Relationship between Lactobacillus, Bifidibactrium Counts and Inflammatory Factors Following Exercise Training","volume":"129","author":"Mahdieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.1.55","article-title":"Daily Probiotic\u2019s (Lactobacillus Casei Shirota) Reduction of Infection Incidence in Athletes","volume":"21","author":"Gleeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W.-C., Lee, M.-C., Lee, C.-C., Ng, K.-S., Hsu, Y.-J., Tsai, T.-Y., Young, S.-L., Lin, J.-S., and Huang, C.-C. (2019). Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum TWK10 on Exercise Physiological Adaptation, Performance, and Body Composition in Healthy Humans. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112836"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"150","article-title":"Diet and Helicobacter Pylori Infection","volume":"11","author":"Imiela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Z.-L., Tseng, C.-H., Ho, H.J., Cheung, C.K.Y., Lin, J.-Y., Chen, Y.-J., Cheng, F.-C., Hsu, Y.-C., Lin, J.-T., and El-Omar, E.M. (2018). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Confers Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Diet and Exercise on Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33893-y"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"mgen000476","article-title":"Comprehensive Genome Analyses of Sellimonas Intestinalis, a Potential Biomarker of Homeostasis Gut Recovery","volume":"6","author":"Lawley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lun, H., Yang, W., Zhao, S., Jiang, M., Xu, M., Liu, F., and Wang, Y. (2018). Altered Gut Microbiota and Microbial Biomarkers Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Microbiologyopen, 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.678"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caudet, J., Trelis, M., Cifre, S., Soriano, J.M., Rico, H., and Merino-Torres, J.F. (2022). Interplay between Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Unicellular Parasites in a Morbidly Obese Population: A Neglected Trinomial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153211"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W.-C., Tung, C.-L., Yang, Y.-C.S.H., Lin, I.-H., Ng, X.E., and Tung, Y.-T. (2022). Endurance Exercise Ameliorates Western Diet\u2013Induced Atherosclerosis through Modulation of Microbiota and Its Metabolites. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07317-x"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G559","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00066.2017","article-title":"Changes in Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Metabolism Coincide with Increased Intestinal Permeability in Young Adults under Prolonged Physiological Stress","volume":"312","author":"Karl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00064-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00064-17","article-title":"Clinical and Biological Features of Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium) Avidum, an Underrecognized Microorganism","volume":"31","author":"Corvec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/20\/3554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:16:58Z","timestamp":1760113018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/20\/3554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16203554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16203554","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]}}}