{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:35:39Z","timestamp":1789007739398,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 DK124611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK124611"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["W81XWH2010681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH2010681"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense","award":["R01 DK124611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK124611"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense","award":["W81XWH2010681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH2010681"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by transmural inflammation and intestinal fibrosis involving mostly the small intestine and colon. The pathogenic mechanisms of CD remain incompletely understood and cures are unavailable. Current medical therapies are aimed at inducing prolonged remission. Most of the medical therapies such as corticosteroids have substantial adverse effects. Consequently, many dietary therapies have been explored for the management of CD. Up to now, exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has been considered the only established dietary treatment for IBD, especially CD. In this article, we aim to give a concise review about the current therapeutic options and challenges in the management of CD and aim to compare the efficacy of EEN with other dietary therapies and update on the possible mechanisms of the benefits of EEN and other nutritional therapies. Methods: We searched the literature up to August 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as EEN, nutritional therapy, IBD, Crohn\u2019s disease, ulcerative colitis. Clinical studies in patients and preclinical studies in rodent models of IBD were included in the summary of the therapeutic benefits. Results and Conclusions: EEN involves oral or nasogastric tube feeding of a complete liquid diet with exclusion of normal foods for a defined period (usually 6 to 8 weeks). EEN treatment is demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and healing effects in CD through various potential pathways, including altering gut bacteria and their metabolites, restoring the barrier function, direct anti-inflammatory action, and indirect anti-inflammatory action by eliminating mechanical stress in the bowel. However, efficacy of other nutritional therapies is not well established in CD, and mechanisms of action are largely unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T07:53:43Z","timestamp":1729583623000},"page":"3581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mechanisms of Action of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and Other Nutritional Therapies in Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ramasatyaveni","family":"Geesala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratik","family":"Gongloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Sealy School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraja","family":"Recharla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan-Zheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-024-04640-9","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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