{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:50:04Z","timestamp":1791312604257,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sponsorship of football teams by detrimental industries may negatively impact fans\u2019 dietary and behavioral choices. The study aimed to determine the proportion of sponsors on the jerseys of teams in the top ten football leagues that comprise companies producing alcohol or unhealthy food, or engaging in gambling. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study, incorporating data from first-division football teams in 10 countries (Argentina, Brazil, England, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United States) playing from 2000\u20132022. Data were collected on the primary sponsors displayed on team jerseys and categorized into alcohol, unhealthy food (defined as producers of ultra-processed food according to the NOVA classification), gambling, or other, based on the nature of the products or services offered by the sponsors. We performed descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: A total of 4452 sponsorship records were analyzed. The majority were classified as \u201cother\u201d (81.8%), followed by gambling (6.9%), alcohol (2.6%), and unhealthy food (2.6%). We did not identify any sponsor representing the tobacco industry. The prevalence of gambling sponsors surged from 1.7% in 2000 to 16.3% in 2022. Conversely, alcohol-related sponsorships dwindled from 6.2% in 2000 to 1.0% in 2022. In the multivariate linear regression model, these trends were statistically significant. The alcohol industry remained visible in the Spanish league. Conclusions: A significant proportion of sponsorships on the jerseys of top football teams across the world represents alcohol, ultra-processed food, or the gambling industry. Trends in the types of sponsors on the jerseys of leading football clubs across the Western world are diverse. Particularly concerning is the recent increase in the percentage of clubs sponsored by the gambling industry. To limit the detrimental effects of the promotion of unhealthy products, novel policies should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T04:11:38Z","timestamp":1729743098000},"page":"3606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Detrimental Industries\u2019 Sponsorship in Football Clubs Across Ten Major Leagues from 2000\u20132022: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4394-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, and of Clinical Dietetics, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82\/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktor","family":"Szymajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Clinical Dietetics, Department of the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, and of Clinical Dietetics, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82\/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4504-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ada","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Clinical Dietetics, Department of the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, and of Clinical Dietetics, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82\/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1261-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matylda","family":"Kr\u0119gielska-Naro\u017cna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, and of Clinical Dietetics, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82\/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0563-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Bogda\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, and of Clinical Dietetics, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82\/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.15288\/jsads.2020.s19.13","article-title":"The Alcohol Marketing Landscape: Alcohol Industry Size, Structure, Strategies, and Public Health Responses","volume":"S19","author":"Jernigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs Suppl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrance, J., John, B., Greville, J., O\u2019Hanrahan, M., Davies, N., and Roderique-Davies, G. (2021). Emergent Gambling Advertising; a Rapid Review of Marketing Content, Delivery and Structural Features. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10805-w"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03445-z","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Tobacco Industry Cigarette Marketing Expenditures in the United States, 2009\u20132018","volume":"11","author":"AlDukhail","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056971","article-title":"Follow the Money: A Closer Look at US Tobacco Industry Marketing Expenditures","volume":"32","author":"Levy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2022.100009","article-title":"The Marketing of Ultraprocessed Foods in a National Sample of U.S. Supermarket Circulars: A Pilot Study","volume":"1","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagerberg, P., Langlet, B., Oravsky, A., Sandborg, J., L\u00f6f, M., and Ioakimidis, I. (2019). Ultra-Processed Food Advertisements Dominate the Food Advertising Landscape in Two Stockholm Areas with Low vs High Socioeconomic Status. Is It Time for Regulatory Action?. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8090-5"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022). Food Marketing Exposure and Power and Their Associations with Food-Related Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours: A Narrative Review, World Health Organization. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301860","article-title":"Communication about Childhood Obesity on Twitter","volume":"104","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Sourav, D. (2023, October 03). Top 10 Most Popular Sports in The World October 2023. Available online: https:\/\/sportsmonkie.com\/most-popular-sports\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-019-00363-z","article-title":"Sports Sponsorship as a Cause of Obesity","volume":"8","author":"Dixon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12820","article-title":"Unhealthy Sponsorship in Sport: A Case Study of the AFL","volume":"42","author":"Sartori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsc.2018-0153","article-title":"The Alcohol\u2013Sport Nexus and How Consumers Are Affected Through Sponsorship","volume":"12","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bestman, A., Thomas, S.L., Randle, M., and Thomas, S.D.M. (2015). Children\u2019s Implicit Recall of Junk Food, Alcohol and Gambling Sponsorship in Australian Sport. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2348-3"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nufer, G. (2023, August 17). An Exploration Of The Halo Effect In Professional Soccer. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/1319077."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699284","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2019.1699284","article-title":"The Role of Sports Sponsorship in Negative New Stories about a Brand: Approach the Halo Effect","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Marshall, G., and Scott, J. (2009). A Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford University Press. [3rd Rev. ed.]. Oxford Reference Online."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.306","article-title":"Alcohol Industry Sponsorship of University Student Sports Clubs in Brazil","volume":"78","author":"Pinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1071\/HE12070","article-title":"Alcohol Sponsorship of Community Football Clubs: The Current Situation","volume":"23","author":"Sawyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Promot. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pauz\u00e9, E., Ekeh, O., and Potvin Kent, M. (2020). The Extent and Nature of Food and Beverage Company Sponsorship of Children\u2019s Sports Clubs in Canada: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093023"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021002159","article-title":"A State-Wide Audit of Unhealthy Sponsorship within Junior Sporting Clubs in Victoria, Australia","volume":"24","author":"Martino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2022056003491","article-title":"Patroc\u00ednio Por Empresas de Alimentos e Bebidas No Futebol: An\u00e1lise Da Copa Am\u00e9rica 2019","volume":"56","author":"Araujo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maher, A., Wilson, N., Signal, L., and Thomson, G. (2006). Patterns of Sports Sponsorship by Gambling, Alcohol and Food Companies: An Internet Survey. BMC Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-95"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12954","article-title":"Alcohol and Fast Food Sponsorship in Sporting Clubs with Junior Teams Participating in the \u2018Good Sports\u2019 Program: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"44","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1080\/14660970.2018.1425682","article-title":"Shirt Sponsorship by Gambling Companies in the English and Scottish Premier Leagues: Global Reach and Public Health Concerns","volume":"20","author":"Bunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soccer Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carters-White, L.E., Patterson, C., Nimegeer, A., Hilton, S., and Chambers, S. (2022). Newspaper Framing of Food and Beverage Corporations\u2019 Sponsorship of Sport: A Content Analysis. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14031-w"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, May 16). Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.010","article-title":"The NOVA Classification System: A Critical Perspective in Food Science","volume":"116","author":"Petrus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). Premier League Statement on Gambling Sponsorship. Available online: https:\/\/www.premierleague.com\/news\/3147426."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Buckingham, P. (2023, October 21). Italy and Spain Have Banned Betting Sponsorship\u2014What Can the Premier League Learn?. 2023., Available online: https:\/\/theathletic.com\/4383423\/2023\/04\/07\/premier-league-betting-italy-spain\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). Royal Decree on the Commercial Communications of Gambling Activities. Available online: https:\/\/ecija.com\/en\/sala-de-prensa\/royal-decree-958-2020-of-3-november-on-commercial-communications-of-the-gambling-activities\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00f3liz, M. (2018). Ethical Gambling: A Necessary New Point of View of Gambling in Public Health Policies. Front. Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00012"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.08.008","article-title":"Behavioral Addictions: Excessive Gambling, Gaming, Internet, and Smartphone Use Among Children and Adolescents","volume":"66","author":"Derevensky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"EUCAM (2023, October 21). Regulations on Alcohol Marketing in France. Available online: https:\/\/eucam.info\/regulations-on-alcohol-marketing\/france\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"EUCAM (2023, October 21). Regulations on Alcohol Marketing in Poland. Available online: https:\/\/eucam.info\/regulations-on-alcohol-marketing\/poland\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"EUCAM (2023, October 21). Regulations on Alcohol Marketing in Spain. Available online: https:\/\/eucam.info\/regulations-on-alcohol-marketing\/spain\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). Kicking Out Junk Food: Sports Sponsorship and a Better Deal for Health. Available online: https:\/\/foodactive.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Kicking-Out-Junk-Food.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). The CAP Code: The UK Code of Non-Broadcast Advertising and Direct & Promotional Marketing 2010. Available online: https:\/\/www.asa.org.uk\/static\/47eb51e7-028d-4509-ab3c0f4822c9a3c4\/The-Cap-code.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30084-1","article-title":"Smokeless Tobacco Control in 180 Countries across the Globe: Call to Action for Full Implementation of WHO FCTC Measures","volume":"20","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polanska, K., and Kaleta, D. (2021). Tobacco and E-Cigarettes Point of Sale Advertising-Assessing Compliance with Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship Bans in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041976"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6532a3","article-title":"Tobacco Advertising and Promotional Expenditures in Sports and Sporting Events\u2014United States, 1992\u20132013","volume":"65","author":"Agaku","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/21\/3606\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:19:10Z","timestamp":1760113150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/21\/3606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16213606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16213606","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]}}}