{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:19Z","timestamp":1787029219620,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Preeclampsia is associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which can lead to impaired postnatal growth and neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Preeclampsia can also occur without IUGR and its impact on postnatal nutrition, growth, and body composition remains not fully investigated to the best of our knowledge. Methods: This study included infants born before 37 weeks of gestation who underwent air displacement plethysmography to measure body composition (fat-free mass [FFM] and fat mass [FM]) at term-equivalent age. We compared infants born to mothers with preeclampsia and IUGR (PE-IUGR group) and preeclampsia without IUGR (PE-non-IUGR group) to those born to mothers without preeclampsia (control group). Results: In total, 291 infants were enrolled (control: n = 227; PE-non-IUGR: n = 43; PE-IUGR: n = 21). FFM was significantly lower in the PE-IUGR (mean differences \u2212231 g (IQR: (\u2212373, \u221288); p &lt; 0.001)) and PE-non-IUGR groups (mean differences \u2212260 g (IQR: (\u2212372, \u2212149); p &lt; 0.001)) in comparison to the control group. FM was not significantly different between the three groups. Conclusions: This study indicates that infants of preeclamptic mothers, even without IUGR, had significantly lower FFM at term-equivalent age compared to the control group. Further research is necessary to determine if these variations can be modified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T08:42:13Z","timestamp":1729845733000},"page":"3627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preeclampsia and Future Implications on Growth and Body Composition in Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Calek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neuropaediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Palmrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3099-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Eibensteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Thajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neuropaediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Harreiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neuropaediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neuropaediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7939-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neuropaediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276","article-title":"Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges, and Perspectives","volume":"124","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.01.008","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Wilkerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e071653","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071653","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy","volume":"381","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2020.09.005","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Khedagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2018.01.012","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy","volume":"45","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1315","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00071.2020","article-title":"Preeclampsia beyond Pregnancy: Long-Term Consequences for Mother and Child","volume":"318","author":"Turbeville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.09.007","article-title":"Short and Long-Term Consequences for Mother and Neonate","volume":"102","author":"Bokslag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000419","article-title":"Cardiovascular Origins of Preeclampsia","volume":"29","author":"Kalafat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.162321","article-title":"Maternal Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling in Women with Preeclampsia at Term","volume":"57","author":"Melchiorre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003664","article-title":"Cardiovascular Implications in Preeclampsia: An Overview","volume":"130","author":"Melchiorre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.937995","article-title":"Fetal Growth Restriction Results in Remodeled and Less Efficient Hearts in Children","volume":"121","author":"Crispi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000353633","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-Up of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Cardiovascular Disorders","volume":"36","author":"Demicheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22040","article-title":"Role of Placenta in Development of Pre-eclampsia: Revisited","volume":"56","author":"Yagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/10641955.2016.1212872","article-title":"Preeclampsia with and without Intrauterine Growth Restriction\u2013Two Pathogenetically Different Entities?","volume":"35","author":"Krstic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.055236","article-title":"The Placenta in Pre-Eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"61","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26290","article-title":"Mortality and Severe Neurological Morbidity in Extremely Preterm Growth-restricted Fetuses","volume":"62","author":"Mazarico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"484","article-title":"Postnatal Growth Failure in Preterm Infants: Ascertainment and Relation to Long-Term Outcome","volume":"34","author":"Shah","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. P\u00e9rinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binder, C., Buchmayer, J., Thajer, A., Giordano, V., Schmidbauer, V., Harreiter, K., Klebermass-Schrehof, K., Berger, A., and Goeral, K. (2021). Association between Fat-Free Mass and Brain Size in Extremely Preterm Infants. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124205"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.003","article-title":"Greater Early Gains in Fat-Free Mass, but Not Fat Mass, Are Associated with Improved Neurodevelopment at 1 Year Corrected Age for Prematurity in Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants","volume":"173","author":"Ramel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"97","article-title":"The Classification, Diagnosis and Management of the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Revised Statement from the ISSHP","volume":"4","author":"Tranquilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens. Int. J. Women\u2019s Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884","article-title":"Consensus Definition of Fetal Growth Restriction: A Delphi Procedure","volume":"48","author":"Gordijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19013","article-title":"Consensus Definition and Essential Reporting Parameters of Selective Fetal Growth Restriction in Twin Pregnancy: A Delphi Procedure","volume":"53","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (2005). The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity Revisited. Arch. Ophthalmol., 123, 991\u2013999.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.7.991"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","article-title":"Incidence and Evolution of Subependymal and Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Study of Infants with Birth Weights Less than 1500 Gm","volume":"92","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"163","author":"Jobe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)34975-6","article-title":"Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Treatment Based on Staging Criteria","volume":"33","author":"Walsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1557924","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders. Guideline of DGGG (S1-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015\/018, December 2013)","volume":"75","author":"Stepan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.653","article-title":"Validation of a New Pediatric Air-Displacement Plethysmograph for Assessing Body Composition in Infants","volume":"79","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy377","article-title":"New Charts for the Assessment of Body Composition, According to Air-Displacement Plethysmography, at Birth and across the First 6 Mo of Life","volume":"109","author":"Norris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenton, T.R. (2003). A New Growth Chart for Preterm Babies: Babson and Benda\u2019s Chart Updated with Recent Data and a New Format. BMC Pediatr., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-3-13"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards Based on Length\/Height, Weight and Age. Acta P\u00e6diatrica, 95, 76\u201385.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003642","article-title":"Enteral Nutrition in Preterm Infants (2022): A Position Paper From the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition and Invited Experts","volume":"76","author":"Embleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"490","article-title":"Blood Flow Velocity Waveforms of the Fetal Middle Cerebral Artery in a Normal Population: Reference Values from 18 Weeks to 42 Weeks of Gestation","volume":"30","author":"Bahlmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. P\u00e9rinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.4","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Relation to Adipose Tissue and Intrahepatocellular Lipid Deposition in Early Infancy","volume":"39","author":"Gale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000148284.58934.1C","article-title":"Altered Adiposity after Extremely Preterm Birth","volume":"57","author":"Uthaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"950","article-title":"Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth","volume":"96","author":"Vatten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1152249","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction\u2014Part 1","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198208000-00001","article-title":"The Timing Factor in the Pathophysiology of the Intrauterine Growth Retardation Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Villar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosmeri, C., Giapros, V., Rallis, D., Balomenou, F., Serbis, A., and Baltogianni, M. (2023). Classification and Special Nutritional Needs of SGA Infants and Neonates of Multiple Pregnancies. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122736"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calek, E., Binder, J., Palmrich, P., Eibensteiner, F., Thajer, A., Kainz, T., Harreiter, K., Berger, A., and Binder, C. (2023). Effects of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) on Growth and Body Composition Compared to Constitutionally Small Infants. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194158"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0158-x","article-title":"Early Body Composition Changes Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental and Metabolic Outcomes at 4 Years of Age in Very Preterm Infants","volume":"84","author":"Pfister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R.K., Singhal, A., Vaidya, U., Banerjee, S., Anwar, F., and Rao, S. (2017). Optimizing Nutrition in Preterm Low Birth Weight Infants\u2014Consensus Summary. Front. Nutr., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2017.00020"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.83","article-title":"Rethinking IUGR in Preeclampsia: Dependent or Independent of Maternal Hypertension?","volume":"29","author":"Srinivas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00417-6","article-title":"Pre-Eclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000765","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2020-000765","article-title":"Incidence and Associated Factors of Extrauterine Growth Restriction (EUGR) in Preterm Infants, a Cross-Sectional Study in Selected NICUs in Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Gidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.986","article-title":"Extrauterine Growth Restriction Remains a Serious Problem in Prematurely Born Neonates","volume":"111","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casirati, A., Somaschini, A., Perrone, M., Vandoni, G., Sebastiani, F., Montagna, E., Somaschini, M., and Caccialanza, R. (2022). Preterm Birth and Metabolic Implications on Later Life: A Narrative Review Focused on Body Composition. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.978271"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01566-8","article-title":"Metabolic-Endocrine Disruption Due to Preterm Birth Impacts Growth, Body Composition, and Neonatal Outcome","volume":"91","author":"Yousuf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70021-3","article-title":"Preeclampsia Is Associated with Reduced Serum Levels of Placenta Growth Factor","volume":"179","author":"Torry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.733766","article-title":"The Severity of Hypoxic Changes and Oxidative DNA Damage in the Placenta of Early-Onset Preeclamptic Women and Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"26","author":"Kimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"741","article-title":"Hypoalbuminemia Is Related to Endothelial Dysfunction Resulting from Oxidative Stress in Parturients with Preeclampsia","volume":"83","author":"Saitou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nagoya J. M\u00e9d. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"72","article-title":"The Placenta in Preeclampsia","volume":"2","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens. Int. J. Women\u2019s Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stadler, J.T., Scharnagl, H., Wadsack, C., and Marsche, G. (2023). Preeclampsia Affects Lipid Metabolism and HDL Function in Mothers and Their Offspring. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040795"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2021.0249","article-title":"Evaluation of Breast Milk Macronutrient Content in Preeclamptic Mothers","volume":"17","author":"Beser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1097","article-title":"Association of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age Status with Childhood Cognitive Outcomes","volume":"174","author":"Sacchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gounaris, A.K., Sokou, R., Gounari, E.A., Panagiotounakou, P., and Grivea, I.N. (2023). Extrauterine Growth Restriction and Optimal Growth of Very Preterm Neonates: State of the Art. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143231"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.12.009","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction Postnatal Monitoring and Outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Kesavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, J., Young, L., and McGuire, W. (2014). Delayed Introduction of Progressive Enteral Feeds to Prevent Necrotising Enterocolitis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001970.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001970.pub5"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(02)00007-6","article-title":"Aggressive Nutrition of the Very Low Birthweight Infant","volume":"29","author":"Ziegler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02364-6","article-title":"Effects of Human Milk on Body Composition and Growth in Very Low Birthweight Infants","volume":"93","author":"Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04775-3","article-title":"Postnatal Growth and Body Composition in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Fed with Individually Adjusted Fortified Human Milk: A Cohort Study","volume":"182","author":"Perrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.04.031","article-title":"Individualized Target Fortification of Breast Milk with Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fat for Preterm Infants: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"40","author":"Rochow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, M., Virella, D., Papoila, A.L., Alves, M., Macedo, I., Silva, D.E., and Pereira-da-Silva, L. (2023). Individualized Fortification Based on Measured Macronutrient Content of Human Milk Improves Growth and Body Composition in Infants Born Less than 33 Weeks: A Mixed-Cohort Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061533"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerasani, J., Ceroni, F., Cosmi, V.D., Mazzocchi, A., Morniroli, D., Roggero, P., Mosca, F., Agostoni, C., and Giann\u00ec, M.L. (2020). Human Milk Feeding and Preterm Infants\u2019 Growth and Body Composition: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041155"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.033","article-title":"Measuring Body Composition in the Preterm Infant: Evidence Base and Practicalities","volume":"38","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/21\/3627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:20:37Z","timestamp":1760113237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/21\/3627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16213627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16213627","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}}}