{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:31:44Z","timestamp":1784903504067,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1181145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1181145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y20G-YOUR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y20G-YOUR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008713","name":"Diabetes Australia Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1181145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1181145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008713","name":"Diabetes Australia Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y20G-YOUR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y20G-YOUR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: High habitual consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) is linked to increased incident type 2 diabetes, with emerging clinical evidence that effects on gut microbiota may, in part, drive this risk. However, the precise contribution of the effects of NNS on gut microbiota to host glycemic responses remains unclear. Methods: Ten-week-old male C57BL\/6 mice (N = 10 per group) were randomized to drinking water with or without combined NNS (sucralose 1.5 mg\/mL plus acesulfame-K 2.5 mg\/mL) and with or without antibiotics to deplete gut microbiota (ABX, 1 mg\/mL ampicillin and neomycin) over two weeks. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT, 2 g\/kg) were conducted on days \u22121 and 12. On day 14, mice underwent a jejunal infusion of glucose (300 mg) with 3-O-methyl glucose (30 mg, 3-OMG, a marker of glucose absorption) in 1.5 mL for 30 min, followed by blood collection and bioassays. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with NNS and ABX as factors. Results: Jejunal glucose absorption was augmented in NNS+ mice relative to NNS\u2212 (31%; 3-OMG T30; p \u2264 0.05) independent of ABX. ABX attenuated OGTT responses independent of NNS supplementation (\u221235%; incremental AUC, p \u2264 0.001). NNS+ ABX+ mice had augmented GLP-1 responses to intrajejunal glucose relative to other groups (69\u2013108%, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that sub-acute NNS supplementation augments glucose absorption independent of gut microbiota in mice but does not disrupt glycemic responses. Antibiotic depletion of gut microbiota markedly increased glucose tolerance in mice, which may involve the actions of GLP-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T08:42:13Z","timestamp":1729845733000},"page":"3628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Host or the Hosted? Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Intestinal and Microbial Mechanisms of Glycemic Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Braden D.","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Sensing Group, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition & Gut Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nektaria","family":"Pezos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Sensing Group, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition & Gut Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn M.","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome and Host Health, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1656-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongzhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraint B.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome and Host Health, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry L.","family":"Ivey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5116-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard L.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Sensing Group, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition & Gut Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, M.C., Louzada, M.L., de S\u00e1, T.H., Laverty, A.A., Parra, D.C., Garzillo, J.M.F., Monteiro, C.A., and Millett, C. 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