{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:29:50Z","timestamp":1791959390001,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFD1600105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1600105"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["110242150001035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110242150001035"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Engineering Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2023YFD1600105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1600105"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Engineering Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["110242150001035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110242150001035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Selenium is indispensable for human health, yet vast regions worldwide grapple with selenium-deficient soils, rendering dietary intake a critical avenue for supplementation. This narrative review aims to systematically examine and compare domestic and international regulations and standards related to selenium enrichment, providing insights to enhance regulatory frameworks and standardization within the selenium-enrichment industry. Methods: From June to September 2024, we conducted a comprehensive search of official websites belonging to international organizations (e.g., Codex Alimentarius Commission, European Union) and governmental agencies of countries such as China and the United States. Keywords, like \u201cselenium enrichment\u201d, \u201cselenium standards\u201d, and \u201cselenium detection methods\u201d, were employed to identify pertinent regulations, standards, and guidelines encompassing intake benchmarks, detection methodologies, product specifications, technical guidelines for production, labeling requirements, and certification management norms. Results: Our analysis reveals several challenges within the current selenium-enriched regulatory and standardization systems, including inconsistent product determination criteria and limit settings, incomplete technical guidelines for selenium-enriched agricultural production, and a lack of unified regulations for labeling selenium-enriched agricultural products. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for harmonization of standards and enhanced regulatory oversight. To address these issues, we recommend bolstering safety risk assessments for selenium-enriched agricultural products, establishing and refining a comprehensive standard system for selenium-enriched agriculture, and intensifying quality and safety supervision. This study offers a valuable reference for policymakers and stakeholders to promote the sustainable development of the selenium-enrichment industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T07:04:04Z","timestamp":1730099044000},"page":"3659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Legal Standards for Selenium Enriched Foods and Agricultural Products: Domestic and International Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1099-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dazhou","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01569a087","article-title":"Selenium as an integral part of Factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration","volume":"79","author":"Schwarz","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61452-9","article-title":"Selenium and human health","volume":"379","author":"Rayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, A., Skalicky, M., Brestic, M., Maitra, S., Sarkar, S., Ahmad, Z., Vemuri, H., Garai, S., Mondal, M., and Bhatt, R. (2021). Selenium Biofortification: Roles, Mechanisms, Responses and Prospects. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040881"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-021-03917-5","article-title":"Quantitative proteome analysis revealed metabolic changes in Arthrospira platensis in response to selenium stress","volume":"248","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.2928","article-title":"Anti-cancer potential of selenium- and tellurium-containing species: Opportunities abound!","volume":"26","author":"Seng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-020-05764-6","article-title":"Association between selenium intake and breast cancer risk: Results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"183","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2022.11.007","article-title":"Selenium and immune function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental human studies","volume":"117","author":"Filippini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665122002658","article-title":"Selenium status and immunity","volume":"82","author":"Filippini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2405","article-title":"High selenium levels associate with reduced risk of mortality and new-onset heart failure: Data from PREVEND","volume":"24","author":"Beverborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1740042","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of arsenic-selenium interactions and the associated toxicity in plants, animals, and humans: A critical review","volume":"51","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-022-09741-x","article-title":"Association Between Serum Selenium Concentration and OPG\/RANKL\/RANK Axis in Patients with Arterial Hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Prokopowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimada, B.K., Alfulaij, N., and Seale, L.A. (2021). The Impact of Selenium Deficiency on Cardiovascular Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910713"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3275","article-title":"Selenium in Human Health and Disease","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genchi, G., Lauria, G., Catalano, A., Sinicropi, M.S., and Carocci, A. (2023). Biological Activity of Selenium and Its Impact on Human Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032633"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0641-0","article-title":"Geochemical processes controlling the spatial distribution of selenium in soil and water, west central South Dakota, USA","volume":"62","author":"Gerla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2000280","article-title":"Selenium in global food systems","volume":"85","author":"Combs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002153","article-title":"The argument for increasing selenium intake","volume":"61","author":"Rayman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"209","article-title":"How to use the world\u2019s scarce selenium resources efficiently to increase the selenium concentration in food","volume":"19","author":"Haug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.035","article-title":"Selenium distribution in the Chinese environment and its relationship with human health: A review","volume":"112","author":"Dinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2020.106654","article-title":"Concentration and distribution of selenium in soils of mainland China, and implications for human health","volume":"220","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadrup, N., and Ravn-Haren, G. (2020). Acute human toxicity and mortality after selenium ingestion: A review. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126435"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-019-00125-5","article-title":"Selenium intake, status, and health: A complex relationship","volume":"19","author":"Rayman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.01.086","article-title":"Hazardous concentrations of selenium in soil and groundwater in North-West India","volume":"189","author":"Bajaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.5.872","article-title":"Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111210","article-title":"A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of exposure to environmental selenium and the risk of type 2 diabetes in nonexperimental studies","volume":"197","author":"Vinceti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000613","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2018-000613","article-title":"Selenium supplementation and insulin resistance in a randomized, clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Jacobs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bmj Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djw152","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw152","article-title":"Selenium Supplementation for Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas and Risk of Associated Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"108","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.03.004","article-title":"Selenium, diabetes, and their intricate sex-specific relationship","volume":"35","author":"Demircan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.07.005","article-title":"Revised reference values for selenium intake","volume":"32","author":"Kipp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5030700","article-title":"Daily dietary selenium intake in a high selenium area of Enshi, China","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(99)00035-9","article-title":"Soil, grain and water chemistry in relation to human selenium-responsive diseases in Enshi District, China","volume":"15","author":"Fordyce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society (2023). Dietary Reference Intakes for China, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e07704","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium","volume":"21","author":"Turck","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council, and Ministry of Health, New Zealand (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes, Commonwealth of Australia."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.5.896","article-title":"An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders","volume":"70","author":"Duffield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.829","article-title":"Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China","volume":"81","author":"Xia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.59.S91","article-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Microminerals","volume":"59","author":"Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.34101\/actaagrar\/64\/1859","article-title":"The toxicity of different selenium forms and compounds\u2014Review","volume":"64","author":"Garousi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Agrar. Debreceniensis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2022.106592","article-title":"Determination of selenium nanoparticles in fermented dairy products","volume":"199","author":"Loula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136974","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of validated analytical techniques for the determination of total selenium in foods and beverages","volume":"429","author":"Schmitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2017). National Food Safety Standard for Limits of Heavy Metals in Food (Standard No. GB 5009.93-2017)."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard for Nutrition Fortifiers\u2014Selenium-Enriched Edible Fungi Powder (Standard No. GB 1903.22-2016)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2020). Inspection of Grain and Oilseeds\u2014Determination of Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Selenium, Cadmium, and Lead in Grains and Their Products by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Standard No. GB\/T 35876-2018)."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2018). Inspection of Grain and Oils\u2014Determination of Sodium, Mgnesium, Kalium, Calcium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Selenium, Cadmium and Plumbum in Cereals and Derived Products\u2014Iductively Cupled Pasma-Mss Sectrometric Method (Standard No. NY\/T 3947-2021)."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021). Determination of Selenocystine, Methylnitrocysteine and Selenomethionine in Livestock and Poultry Meat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (Standard No. NY\/T 3870-2021)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021). Determination of Selenocysteine and Selenomethionine in Grains by Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Standard No. NY\/T 3556-2020)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2016). Determination Method of Selenium in Exported Foods (Standard No. SN\/T 0860-2016)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2013). Water Quality\u2014Determination of Selenium\u2014Part 1: Method Using Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (HG-AFS) (Standard No. ISO\/TS 17379-1:2013)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2013). Water Quality\u2014Determination of Selenium\u2014Part 2: Method Using Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HG-AAS) (Standard No. ISO\/TS 17379-2:2013)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2023). Water Quality\u2014Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)\u2014Part 2: Determination of Selected Elements Including Uranium Isotopes (Standard No. ISO 17294-2:2023)."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2015). Infant Formula and Adult Nutritional Products\u2014Determination of Chromium, Selenium, and Molybdenum\u2014Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Standard No. ISO 20649:2015)."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2005). Foodstuffs\u2014Determination of Trace Elements\u2014Determination of Total Arsenic and Selenium by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HGAAS) After Pressure Digestion (Standard No. EN 14627:2005)."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2011). Chromiun, Selenium, and Molybdenum in Infant F (Standard No. AOAC 2011.19-2011)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(1984). Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese (Standard No. Official Method 984.27)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(1996). Selenium in feeds and premixes (Standard No. Official Method 996.16)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Lu, Y., Dun, X., Wang, X., and Wang, H. (2023). Research Progress of Selenium-Enriched Foods. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194189"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (2024, September 01). Selenium\u2014Health Professional Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Selenium-HealthProfessional\/#en21."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7026","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.16096","article-title":"Selenium and selenoproteins: Their function and development of selenium-rich foods","volume":"57","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.08.086","article-title":"Evaluation of selenium in dietary supplements using elemental speciation","volume":"218","author":"Kubachka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200519084415","article-title":"Nutraceuticals: A Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Framework in Different Countries of the World","volume":"20","author":"Bansal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Bagchi, D. (2014). Chapter 21\u2014Historical Change of Raw Materials and Claims of Health Food Regulations in China. Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and Around the World, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"360","article-title":"Analysis of Legal Issues on Collaborative Management of Health Food Safety in China","volume":"42","author":"Wenhua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2011). National Food Safety Standard General Rules for Nutrition Labeling of Prepackaged Foods (Standard No. GB 28050-2011)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2012). National Food Safety Standard For the Usage of Nutrition Enrichment (Standard No. GB 14880-2012)."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2018). National Food Safety Standard Food Nutritional Fortifier Selenoprotein (Standard No. GB 1903.28-2018)."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard Food Nutrition Fortifier Selenium-enriched Yeast (Standard No. GB 1903.21-2016)."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard Food Nutrition Fortifier Selenium-Enriched Edible Fungus Powder (Standard No. GB 1903.22-2016)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard Food Nutritional Enhancer Selenized Carrageenan (Standard No. GB 1903.23-2016)."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2015). National Food Safety Standard Food Nutrition Fortifier Sodium Selenite (Standard No. GB 1903.9-2015)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2015). National Food Safety Standard Food Nutrition Fortifier L-Selenium-Methylselenocysteine (Standard No. GB 1903.12-2015)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2008). Fundamental Terminology and Definition of Nutritional Component in Foods (Standard No. GB\/Z 21922-2008)."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2017). Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for Chinese Residents Part 3: Trace Elements (Standard No. WS\/T 578.3-2017)."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2013). Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims (Standard No. CAC\/GL 23-1997). Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/humannutrition\/32444-09f5545b8abe9a0c3baf01a4502ac36e4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"European Union (2024, September 11). Council Directive 90\/496\/EEC of 24 September 1990 on Nutrition Labelling for Foodstuffs. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:31990L0496."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(1997). Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims (Standard No. CAC\/GL 23-1997)."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2024, September 02). CFR\u2014Code of Federal Regulations Search. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfCFR\/CFRSearch.cfm."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Australian Government (2024, September 08). Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code\u2014Standard 1.2.7\u2014Nutrition, Health and Related Claims, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.au\/F2015L00449\/latest\/text."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"European Union (2024, September 08). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023\/938 of 16 May 2023. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32023R0938."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"European Union (2024, September 08). Regulation (EU) 2015\/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on Novel Foods. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32015R2283."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) (2021). Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code\u2014Standard 1.3.2\u2014Vitamins and Minerals, FSANZ."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2008). Rich Selenium Paddy (Standard No. GB\/T 22499-2008)."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2017). Selenium-Enriched Potatoes (Standard No. NY\/T 3116-2017)."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2017). Selenium-Enriched Garlic (Standard No. NY\/T 3115-2017)."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2002). Rich-Selenium Tea (Standard No. NY\/T 600-2002)."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2020). Selenium-Rich Potatoes (Standard No. GH\/T 1310-2020)."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2017). Selenium-Rich Agricultural Products (Standard No. GH\/T 1135-2017)."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2014). Rich-Selenium Tea (Standard No. GH\/T 1090-2014)."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2021). Food Safety Local Standards Requirements for Selenium Content in Organic Selenium-Rich Foods (Standard No. DBS42\/002-2021)."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2018). Selenium Content Requirements for Selenium-Enriched Agricultural Products (Standard No. DB13\/T 2702-2018)."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"(2021). The Grain & Oil Products of Shaanxi-Ankang Rich Selenium Rice (Standard No. T\/SAGS 013-2021)."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2020). Selenium-Enriched Pomegranate (Standard No. T\/FXXH 016-2020)."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieliszek, M., and Serrano Sandoval, S.N. (2023). The importance of selenium in food enrichment processes. A comprehensive review. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127260"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"China Government (2024, September 22). Safety Regulations for the Use of Feed Additives, Available online: http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cn\/gk\/zcfg\/nybgz\/200907\/t20090730_1321689.htm."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.11.029","article-title":"Designing selenium functional foods and beverages: A review","volume":"120","author":"Adadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2019). Technical Regulations for Seleni-Um-Enriched Rice Production (Standard No. DB36\/T 1112-2019)."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2020). Technical Regulations for the Production of Selenium-Enriched Eggs (Standard No. DB36\/T 1322-2020)."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2022). Technical Regulations for the Production of Selenium-Enriched Shiitake Mushrooms (Standard No. DB45\/T 2554-2022)."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"(2021). Ziyang Selenium-Enriched Tea Production Technical Regulations (Standard No. DB61\/T 307.2-2021)."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"(2012). Technical Regulations for Production of Selenium-Enriched Pork Pigs (Standard No. DB61\/T 557.4-2012)."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2020). Technical Regulations for Production of Sele-Nium-Enriched Wheat (Standard No. T\/FXXH 010-2020)."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2019). Kaiyang Ecological Selenium-Enriched Egg Production Technical Regulations (Standard No. T\/KYFX 5-2019)."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2019). Technical Regulations for the Production of Selenium-Enriched Rice (Standard No. T\/HBSE 0004-2019)."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2019). Technical Regulations for the Production of Shien Selenium-Enriched Tea (Standard No. T\/HBSE 0005-2019)."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2023). Technical Regulations for the Production of Organic Selenium-Enriched Navel Orange (Standard No. T\/CI 080-2023)."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2024, September 25). Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on Fertiliser Products (24\/2011, Amendments up to 7\/2013 Included). Available online: https:\/\/mmm.fi\/documents\/1410837\/2061117\/MMMa_24_2011_lannoitevalmisteasetus_EN.pdf\/c49d5007-0b00-431e-b5ca-53ecdf236c3a\/MMMa_24_2011_lannoitevalmisteasetus_EN.pdf?t=1455613777000."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Australian Government (2024, September 28). Acts Interpretation Amendment (Electronic Transactions) Act 2015, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.au\/C2015A00061\/latest\/versions."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Australian Government (2024, September 28). Food Regulation System\u2014Standards, Available online: https:\/\/www.foodregulation.gov.au\/about-the-system\/standards."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Government of South Australia (2024, September 28). Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of Use) Regulations 2017. Adelaide, South Australia, 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.sa.gov.au\/lz?path=%2FC%2FA%2FAgricultural%20and%20Veterinary%20Products%20(Control%20of%20Use)%20Act%202002."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2024, September 21). T-4-93\u2014Safety Standards for Fertilizers and Supplements. Available online: https:\/\/inspection.canada.ca\/en\/plant-health\/fertilizers\/trade-memoranda\/t-4-93."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"European Union (2024, September 08). Regulation (EC) No 1831\/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Additives for Use in Animal Nutrition. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32003R1831."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"(2023). Technical Specification for Certification of Selenium-Enriched Products (Standard No. RB\/T 138-2023)."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112990","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metals should be performed before the development of the selenium-rich soil: A case study in China","volume":"210","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101420","article-title":"Modeling analysis of the characteristics of selenium-rich soil in heavy metal high background area and its impact on main crops","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23986\/afsci.72394","article-title":"Metabolism of selenite, selenomethionine and feed-incorporated selenium in lactating goats and dairy cows","volume":"63","author":"Aspila","year":"1991","journal-title":"Agric. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/21\/3659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:22:01Z","timestamp":1760113321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/21\/3659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16213659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16213659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]}}}