{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:38:24Z","timestamp":1783593504535,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common causes of morbidity and mortality. However, the impact of changes in lifestyle and rehabilitation programs on the progression of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic (CRM) conditions, remains unclear. Methods: In a retrospective manner, we analyzed charts of 200 patients admitted for cardiorespiratory rehabilitation at our facility in 2023. A 6 min walk test, echocardiographic features, and laboratory values were investigated to evaluate the impact of cardiorespiratory rehabilitation in patients post cardiac surgery. This study examined the impact of combined lifestyle and exercise scores (diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, aerobic physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep duration, and social connection) on cardio\u2013renal\u2013metabolic profiles and on a quality-of-life score measured by the Borg Scale. Results: During the rehabilitation program, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly increased (51.2 vs. 54.3%, SEM 0.51 p = 0.001). The six-minute walk test (6 MWT) significantly improved in terms of meters (133 vs. 373 m, SEM 6.41, p &lt; 0.001) and Borg scale (6.6 vs. 2.5, SEM 0.06, p &lt; 0.001). Glycemia levels reduced significantly (114.5\u00b1 vs. 107.4\u00b1 mg\/dL, SEM 2.45, p = 0.001). While total cholesterol levels (119.4 vs. 129.6 mg\/dL, SEM 2.4, p &lt; 0.001) as well as HDL levels (29.9 vs. 40 mg\/dL, SEM 0.62, p &lt; 0.001) significantly increased, triglyceride levels significantly decreased (128.5 vs. 122.1 mg\/dL, SEM 3.8, p = 0.048). There was no change in LDL levels. Creatinine levels remained stable throughout the period of rehabilitation. Conclusions: Cardiorespiratory rehabilitation has a significant impact on myocardial function, quality of life in terms of exercise capacity and symptoms (6 MWT) as well as laboratory levels relevant for cardiovascular prevention such as glycemia and lipid profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T09:10:44Z","timestamp":1730279444000},"page":"3699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrated Cardiorespiratory Rehabilitation and Its Impact on Cardio\u2013Renal\u2013Metabolic Profile After Cardiac Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9621-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Marek-Iannucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, San Raffaele, Monte Compatri, 00040 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Palazzuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Le Scotte Hospital University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Babarto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, San Raffaele, Monte Compatri, 00040 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zlatan","family":"Lazarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, San Raffaele, Monte Compatri, 00040 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7161-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Beltrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fedele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Cassino, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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