{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:35:06Z","timestamp":1776818106453,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives. This large, longitudinal follow-up cohort study aimed to explore how being a vegetarian and related factors impacted the incident gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a comprehensive Taiwanese cohort. Methods. The study cohort was enrolled from the Taiwan Biobank. Vegetarian status, duration of being a vegetarian, type of vegetarian diet, and whether or not the participants had GERD were recorded from self-reported surveys. Associations between vegetarian status, duration, and type of diet with incident GERD were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression with adjustments for confounding variables. Results. After excluding participants with pre-existing GERD, we included 23,714 participants into the study. Multivariable analysis showed that vegetarian status (current vs. never; hazard ratio [HR], 0.697; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.546 to 0.889; p = 0.004) was significantly inversely associated with incident GERD; conversely, ever being a vegetarian was not associated (p = 0.489). In addition, those who had been a vegetarian for 6 years or more had 0.72 times lower risk of GERD compared to those who had never been a vegetarian (HR, 0.717; 95% CI 0.558 to 0.922, p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed regarding the type of vegetarian diet with incident GERD. Conclusions. The results showed that following a vegetarian diet was an independent protective factor for incident GERD, with a significant protective effect observed in those who adhered to a vegetarian diet for at least 6 years. Future research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and whether adopting a vegetarian diet can decrease the incidence of GERD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"3712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vegetarian Diet Reduced Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in a Nationwide Longitudinal Survey in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jyun-Han","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chi","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management and Occupational Safety and Health Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812015, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-In","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812015, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Pin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0610-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiun-Hung","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812015, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812015, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Chia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812015, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x","article-title":"The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A global evidence-based consensus","volume":"101","author":"Vakil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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