{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:46Z","timestamp":1760146426767,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study investigated the effects of decreased energy availability (EA) and carbohydrate availability (CA) on reproductive and metabolic hormones in male endurance-trained athletes. Methods: Thirteen athletes (age: 26.08 \u00b1 4.3 years; weight: 70.9 \u00b1 6.5 kg; height: 179.9 \u00b1 4.2 cm) participated in two training weeks with varying training volumes (low [LV] and high [HV]). The participants logged their diet and exercise for seven days and provided blood samples to measure hormone levels (Testosterone [T], insulin, leptin, cortisol, and interleukin-6 [IL-6]). Results: Results showed that 46.2% (HV) and 38.5% (LV) of participants were at risk for low EA (\u226425 kcal\/kg FFM\u00b7d-1), while 53.8% (HV) and 69.2% (LV) had low CA (&lt;6 g\/kg). Strong positive correlations were found between leptin and body fat percentage (DXABFP) in both weeks (HV: r(11) = 0.88, p &lt; 0.001; LV: r(11) = 0.93, p &lt; 0.001). Moderate correlations were observed between T and DXABFP (r(11) = 0.56, p = 0.05) and negative correlations between leptin and fat intake (r(11) = \u22120.60, p = 0.03). Regression analyses indicated significant relationships between DXABFP and T (F(1,11) = 4.91, p = 0.049), leptin (HV: F(1,11) = 40.56, p &lt; 0.001; LV: F(1,11) = 74.67, p &lt; 0.001), and cortisol (F(1,11) = 6.69, p = 0.025). Conclusions: These findings suggest that monitoring body composition and macronutrients can be clinically useful for male athletes, especially those without access to blood testing. Ultimately, a greater understanding of health and performance outcomes for male athletes is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"3729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Male Endurance Athletes: Examination of Energy and Carbohydrate Availability and Hormone Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Drenowatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teacher Education, University of Education Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany T.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thaddeus C.","family":"Brodrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Stodden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational and Developmental Science, College of Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7963-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni M.","family":"Torres-McGehee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Access and Collective Engagement, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01217-3","article-title":"The role of energy availability in reproductive function in the female athlete triad and extension of its effects to men: An initial working model of a similar syndrome in male athletes","volume":"49","author":"Koltun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093218","article-title":"2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013","volume":"48","author":"Nattiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. 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