{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:37:31Z","timestamp":1781876251985,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Constipation is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal system characterized by difficult bowel movements, infrequent defecation, reduced water content, and hard stools. This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of fermented gold kiwis (FGK) on loperamide-induced constipation in rats and investigate its efficacy in improving constipation symptoms in human patients through a randomized clinical trial. In the animal study, FGK was administered orally at doses of 50, 125, and 250 mg\/kg to constipated rats for two weeks, resulting in significant improvements in constipation parameters. FGK increased serum serotonin and acetylcholine levels and suppressed increases in serum dopamine concentration. FGK also upregulated mRNA expression of the serotonin-synthesizing receptors 5-HT3R and 5-HT4R and suppressed the expression of the dopamine 2-receptor (D2R) in the duodenum. Furthermore, FGK inhibited inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, and IL-6. In the clinical trials, the improvement in constipation symptoms was evaluated using the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS). Clinical trial participants reported significant improvements in constipation symptoms after receiving FGK. These findings suggest that FGK effectively relieves constipation in both animals and humans, indicating its potential as an effective dietary supplement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1730713974000},"page":"3778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fermented Gold Kiwi Improves Gastrointestinal Motility and Functional Constipation: An Animal Study and Human Randomized Clinical Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2959-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihye","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwal","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuseong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon-Gi","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuck-Se","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Team, Food and Supplement Health Claims, Vitech, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seon Mi","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Semyong-ro 65, Jecheon-si 27136, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeung Seung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daesang Jongga R&D Product Division, 178 Magokjungang-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07789, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bumseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungkee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i9.2799","article-title":"Development of a novel mouse constipation model","volume":"22","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. 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