{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T20:53:11Z","timestamp":1769547191409,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Project Foundation, Chiang Mai","award":["3055-A205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3055-A205"]}]},{"name":"Royal Project Foundation, Chiang Mai","award":["N42A670732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A670732"]}]},{"name":"Distinguished Research Professor Somdet Srichairatanakool, Ph.D., National Research Council of Thailand","award":["3055-A205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3055-A205"]}]},{"name":"Distinguished Research Professor Somdet Srichairatanakool, Ph.D., National Research Council of Thailand","award":["N42A670732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A670732"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: We assessed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of kale extract (500 mg anthocyanin equivalent) in patients after mandibular molar surgery. Methods: In our randomized clinical trial, postoperative subjects (n = 20) aged 18\u201325 years old took kale extract or ibuprofen (400 mg) capsules for 7 days, or vice versa, after surgical removal of each impacted tooth. Their pain intensity was then assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Moreover, salivary \u03b1-amylase (AA) activity, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-\u03b22) concentrations were measured. Levels of VAS and AA decreased 7 days after the first and second molar extractions in the two treatment groups. Results: The kale extract was more effective than ibuprofen. MMP-9 and TGF-\u03b22 levels were reduced on days 4 and 7 following the two extractions in the kale group, whereas they were reduced on days 4 and 7 following the first extraction in the ibuprofen group. There was a positive correlation between MMP-9 and TGF-\u03b22. Thus, the consumption of the kale extract exerted analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects during the postoperative period in patients who had undergone molar extractions. In conclusion, anthocyanin-abundant kale extract is preferable when administered in a postoperative course and could reduce the need for a prescription of ibuprofen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T09:24:13Z","timestamp":1730971453000},"page":"3821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kale Extract Versus Ibuprofen After Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind Split-Mouth Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vuttinun","family":"Chatupos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sansanee","family":"Neelawatanasook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tidanut","family":"Sangutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atit","family":"Khanutwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pattaranee","family":"Srichairatanakool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wachiraporn","family":"Tipsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Onsaya","family":"Kerdto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narisara","family":"Paradee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pimpisid","family":"Koonyosying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somdet","family":"Srichairatanakool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.10.021","article-title":"Effectiveness of cold therapy in reducing pain, trismus, and oedema after impacted mandibular third molar surgery: A randomized, self-controlled, observer-blind, split-mouth clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Zandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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