{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:01:01Z","timestamp":1781863261937,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NHLBI","award":["K23HL150300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HL150300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Iron is an essential element for critical biological functions, with iron deficiency negatively affecting growth and brain development and iron excess associated with adverse effects. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of up-to-date evidence on iron absorption measured isotopically in children, preterm infants, and full-term infants, up to 24 months of age. Methods: Search databases included Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus from a date range of 1 January 1953 to 22 July 2024. The included articles were experimental studies with iron absorption outcomes measured by isotopic techniques. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results: A total of 1594 records were identified from databases, and 37 studies were included in the quality review with a total of 1531 participants. Article results were grouped by study commonality: absorption and red blood cell incorporation, type of milk feedings, additives to improve absorption, how and when to supplement with iron, and iron forms and complimentary foods. Conclusions: The results from this review support the current recommendations of oral iron supplementation. Iron from breast milk has high bioavailability, and unmodified cow\u2019s milk reduces iron absorption. Supplemental iron is required at 4\u20136 months for healthy, full-term infants and sooner for preterm infants. Ascorbic acid increases iron absorption in full-term infants and children. Lactoferrin and prebiotics are promising candidates for enhancing iron absorption, but they require further investigation. Research evidence of iron absorption mechanisms and modulating factors in preterm infants is limited and should be a research priority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T06:05:41Z","timestamp":1731045941000},"page":"3834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Systematic Review of Isotopically Measured Iron Absorption in Infants and Children Under 2 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Gallahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Brower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Wapshott-Stehli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4580-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thao T. B.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0907-5","article-title":"Prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers","volume":"89","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2006.08.004","article-title":"Iron deficiency and brain development","volume":"13","author":"Lozoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCann, S., Perapoch Amado, M., and Moore, S.E. (2020). The Role of Iron in Brain Development: A Systematic Review. 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