{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:47:27Z","timestamp":1783399647841,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000040","name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J-002546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-002546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hypertension and its associated complications, such as cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, continue to impose a significant burden on global healthcare. Nutritional interventions have been recognized as playing a crucial role in addressing this devastating condition termed a \u2018silent killer\u2019. Plant-based proteins could potentially be utilized as a non-pharmacological strategy to combat hypertension and its related risk factors. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of an oat protein diet in managing hypertension and cardiac abnormalities. Methods: Four-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar\u2013Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed a regular diet with casein as a protein source or an oat-protein-based diet for 16 weeks. Twenty-week-old male SHRs showed high blood pressure (BP), cardiac remodeling, cardiac dysfunction, higher levels of markers of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and inflammation [tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1)], as well as lower levels of a marker of vascular function (nitric oxide). Results: The oat protein diet was able to significantly lower high BP, prevent cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, improve the levels of nitric oxide, and reduce the levels of TNF-\u03b1. Oat protein, after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, also exhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and significantly higher antioxidant activity than casein when assessed with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the iron-chelating assays in vitro.\u00a0Conclusions: oat protein lowers BP and prevents cardiac remodeling and dysfunction partly via improving the levels of nitric oxide and TNF-\u03b1in SHRs. Its high antioxidant potential could contribute to the observed cardiovascular effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T06:10:48Z","timestamp":1731478248000},"page":"3870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oat-Protein-Based Diet Lowers Blood Pressure and Prevents Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pema","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richardson Center for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Human Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5601-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"Martineau-C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovemore","family":"Malunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richardson Center for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Human Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, ON K1A 0C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9370-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamia","family":"L\u2019Hocine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, ON K1A 0C5, Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Sobhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, ON K1A 0C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allaoua","family":"Achouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Pitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijo Joseph","family":"Thandapilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richardson Center for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, ON K1A 0C5, Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-8142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Netticadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, ON K1A 0C5, Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.021","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks: A Compass for Global Action","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60226a042","article-title":"Determination of the degree of hydrolysis of food protein hydrolysates by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid","volume":"27","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132198","article-title":"Impact of oats in the prevention\/management of hypertension","volume":"381","author":"Bouchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valookaran, A.F., Bouchard, J., Aloud, B.M., Thandapilly, S.J., and Netticadan, T. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Select Dietary Compounds in the Management of Hypertension and its Cardiovascular Complications. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217222"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.3.285","article-title":"Effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: Subgroup analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) randomized clinical trial","volume":"159","author":"Svetkey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"327","article-title":"A plant-based diet and hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.05.022","article-title":"The Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) Study: JACC Focus Seminar 8\/8","volume":"78","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.1.79","article-title":"Association between protein intake and blood pressure: The INTERMAP Study","volume":"166","author":"Elliott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000016178.80811.D9","article-title":"Eight-year blood pressure change in middle-aged men: Relationship to multiple nutrients","volume":"39","author":"Stamler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2021.170573","article-title":"Hypotensive peptides derived from plant proteins","volume":"142","author":"Shobako","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02763-1","article-title":"Effect of oat supplementation interventions on cardiovascular disease risk markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"61","author":"Llanaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafique, H., Dong, R., Wang, X., Alim, A., Aadil, R.M., Li, L., Zou, L., and Hu, X. (2022). Dietary-Nutraceutical Properties of Oat Protein and Peptides. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.950400"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-020-03661-2","article-title":"Oat proteins as emerging ingredients for food formulation: Where we stand?","volume":"247","author":"Boukid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C2337","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13445","article-title":"Characterization and Analysis of Protein Structures in Oat Bran","volume":"81","author":"Jing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0862-2","article-title":"Nurse\u2019s Contribution to Alleviate Non-adherence to Hypertension Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esfandi, R., Seidu, I., Willmore, W., and Tsopmo, A. (2022). Antioxidant, pancreatic lipase, and alpha-amylase inhibitory properties of oat bran hydrolyzed proteins and peptides. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13762"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Liu, X., Li, Y., You, H., Yu, Z., Wang, L., Liu, X., and Ding, L. (2022). Identification and Characterization of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitory Peptides from Oat Proteins. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11101406"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7236","article-title":"Effects of dietary oat proteins on cholesterol metabolism of hypercholesterolaemic hamsters","volume":"96","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-182","article-title":"The cholesterol-lowering effects of oat varieties based on their difference in the composition of proteins and lipids","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2023-0440","article-title":"Oat protein modulates cholesterol metabolism and improves cardiac systolic function in high fat, high sucrose fed rats","volume":"49","author":"Bouchard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013753907135","article-title":"Studies of prevention, treatment and mechanisms of heart failure in the aging spontaneously hypertensive rat","volume":"7","author":"Bing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00076-5","article-title":"Rat models of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and failure","volume":"39","author":"Doggrell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, P., Ames, N., Joseph Thandapilly, S., Yu, L., and Netticadan, T. (2020). The effects of oat ingredients on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13402"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0119-1","article-title":"INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion","volume":"14","author":"Brodkorb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-6946(03)00053-0","article-title":"Proteinase and exopeptidase hydrolysis of whey protein: Comparison of the TNBS, OPA and pH stat methods for quantification of degree of hydrolysis","volume":"13","author":"Spellman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.093","article-title":"Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of lentil protein hydrolysates: Determination of the kinetics of inhibition","volume":"127","author":"Barbana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martineau-C\u00f4t\u00e9, D., Achouri, A., Wanasundara, J., Karboune, S., and L\u2019Hocine, L. (2022). Health Beneficial Bioactivities of Faba Bean Gastrointestinal (In Vitro) Digestate in Comparison to Soybean and Pea. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169210"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.05.033","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) protein fractions against angiotensin I-converting enzyme and antioxidant capacity","volume":"64","author":"Valverde","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.292","article-title":"Comparison of the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Antioxidant Assays","volume":"10","author":"Tomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"The UniProt Consortium (2022). UniProt: The Universal Protein Knowledgebase in 2023. Nucleic Acids Res., 51, D523\u2013D531."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minkiewicz, P., Iwaniak, A., and Darewicz, M. (2019). BIOPEP-UWM Database of Bioactive Peptides: Current Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235978"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.03.34","article-title":"Treatment of hypertensive emergencies","volume":"5","author":"Aronow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.19.2455","article-title":"Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: Results of the OmniHeart randomized trial","volume":"294","author":"Appel","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91557-X","article-title":"Blood-pressure-lowering effect of a vegetarian diet: Controlled trial in normotensive subjects","volume":"1","author":"Rouse","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1278362","article-title":"Antihypertensive effects of dietary protein and its mechanism","volume":"19","author":"Vasdev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darewicz, M., Pliszka, M., Borawska-Dziadkiewicz, J., Minkiewicz, P., and Iwaniak, A. (2022). Multi-Bioactivity of Protein Digests and Peptides from Oat (Avena sativa L.) Kernels in the Prevention of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227907"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleakley, S., Hayes, M., O\u2019Shea, N., Gallagher, E., and Lafarga, T. (2017). Predicted Release and Analysis of Novel ACE-I, Renin, and DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptides from Common Oat (Avena sativa) Protein Hydrolysates Using In Silico Analysis. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6120108"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15115","article-title":"Isolation of novel ACE-inhibitory peptide from naked oat globulin hydrolysates in silico approach: Molecular docking, in vivo antihypertension and effects on renin and intracellular endothelin-1","volume":"85","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Hao, Y., Fan, X., Richel, A., Everaert, N., Yang, X., and Ren, G. (2021). Administration with Quinoa Protein Reduces the Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Modifies the Fecal Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072446"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4404","article-title":"Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of food-derived bioactive peptides in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.21721","article-title":"Prospects for Leveraging the Microbiota as Medicine for Hypertension","volume":"81","author":"Durgan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103435","article-title":"Plant protein reduces serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemia hamsters by modulating the compositions of gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"24","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, J., Zhou, Z., He, M., Han, H.X., Lv, E.H., Wen, P.B., Liu, X., Wang, Y.T., Cai, X.C., and Tian, J.Q. (2023). The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1085041"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa203","article-title":"A randomized crossover trial on the effect of plant-based compared with animal-based meat on trimethylamine-N-oxide and cardiovascular disease risk factors in generally healthy adults: Study with Appetizing Plantfood-Meat Eating Alternative Trial (SWAP-MEAT)","volume":"112","author":"Crimarco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.M., Hwang, I.C., Choi, H.M., Yoon, Y.E., and Cho, G.Y. (2022). Prognostic implication of left ventricular hypertrophy regression after antihypertensive therapy in patients with hypertension. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1082008"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-024-01634-6","article-title":"Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"47","author":"Kawasoe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.1.48","article-title":"Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension","volume":"97","author":"Verdecchia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.053","article-title":"Severity of left ventricular remodeling defines outcomes and response to therapy in heart failure: Valsartan heart failure trial (Val-HeFT) echocardiographic data","volume":"43","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, P., Sayfee, K., Yu, L., Sabra, A., Wijekoon, C., Malunga, L., Thandapilly, S.J., and Netticadan, T. (2023). Oat Beta-Glucan Alone and in Combination with Hydrochlorothiazide Lowers High Blood Pressure in Male but Not Female Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143180"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.29.2.544","article-title":"Left ventricular filling in arterial hypertension. Influence of obesity and hemodynamic and structural confounders","volume":"29","author":"Mureddu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.2.152","article-title":"Relation of left ventricular diastolic properties to systolic function in arterial hypertension","volume":"101","author":"Greco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.10.018","article-title":"Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and improvement of diastolic function in hypertensive patients treated with telmisartan","volume":"97","author":"Mattioli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318063","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Hypertension","volume":"128","author":"Griendling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309552200","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits endothelial nitric-oxide synthase gene promoter activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells","volume":"279","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr304","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: Regulation and function","volume":"33","author":"Forstermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"153","article-title":"Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) and the Cardiovascular System: In Physiology and in Disease States","volume":"15","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Biomed. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000587","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction in hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00792-3","article-title":"Death by TNF: A road to inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Bertrand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder, E.C., Abdelbary, M., El-Marakby, A., and Sullivan, J.C. (2022). Treatment of male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats with TNF-alpha inhibitor etanercept increases markers of renal injury independent of an effect on blood pressure. Biol. Sex Differ., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00424-4"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"71","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines downregulate gene expression and activity of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1115","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01100.2006","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduces argininosuccinate synthase expression and nitric oxide production in aortic endothelial cells","volume":"293","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.08.044","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine attenuates TNF-alpha-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and restores eNOS expression","volume":"550","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19464","article-title":"Responses to Ang II (Angiotensin II), Salt Intake, and Lipopolysaccharide Reveal the Diverse Actions of TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) on Blood Pressure and Renal Function","volume":"79","author":"Crorkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00535.2016","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, kidney function, and hypertension","volume":"313","author":"Mehaffey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-014-0095-7","article-title":"Associations of dietary macronutrients with glomerular filtration rate and kidney dysfunction: Tehran lipid and glucose study","volume":"28","author":"Yuzbashian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.018","article-title":"The Associations of Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause Mortality in CKD","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14756","article-title":"In Vivo anti-hypertensive effect of peptides from egg white and its molecular mechanism with ACE","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103488","article-title":"ACE inhibitory activity in vitro and antihypertensive effect in vivo of LSGYGP and its transepithelial transport by Caco-2 cell monolayer","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Q., Xu, L., and Cai, J. (2021). New drug targets for hypertension: A literature review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1867.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.166037"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.264","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omosebi, M.O., Osundahunsi, O.F., and Fagbemi, T.N. (2018). Effect of extrusion on protein quality, antinutritional factors, and digestibility of complementary diet from quality protein maize and soybean protein concentrate. J. Food Biochem., 42.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12508"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daskaya-Dikmen, C., Yucetepe, A., Karbancioglu-Guler, F., Daskaya, H., and Ozcelik, B. (2017). Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Peptides from Plants. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040316"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.03.056","article-title":"Reactions of plant polyphenols in foods: Impact of molecular structure","volume":"112","author":"Lund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutzli, I., Weiss, J., and Gibis, M. (2021). Glycation of Plant Proteins Via Maillard Reaction: Reaction Chemistry, Technofunctional Properties, and Potential Food Application. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020376"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.05.029","article-title":"Food matrix interaction and bioavailability of bioactive peptides: Two faces of the same coin?","volume":"35","author":"Udenigwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/22\/3870\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:31:14Z","timestamp":1760113874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/22\/3870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16223870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16223870","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}}}