{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:46:16Z","timestamp":1789695976984,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81970682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970682"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82300886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82300886"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1508219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1508219"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019PT330001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019PT330001"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory Project of Thyroid Diseases, National Health Commission","award":["81970682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970682"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory Project of Thyroid Diseases, National Health Commission","award":["82300886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82300886"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory Project of Thyroid Diseases, National Health Commission","award":["U1508219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1508219"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory Project of Thyroid Diseases, National Health Commission","award":["2019PT330001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019PT330001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Observational research shows associations of the gut microbiota and its metabolites with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), but the causality is undetermined. Methods: Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to analyze the association of the gut microbiota and its metabolites with AITD. A total of 119 gut microbiotas and nine fecal\/circulating metabolites were the exposures. AITD, Graves\u2019 disease (GD), and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) were the outcomes. Inverse-variance weighting (IVW) was primarily used to assess causality; Cochran\u2019s Q was used to assess heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses (weighted median, MRPRESSO regression, MRPRESSO intercept, MRPRESSO global, Steiger filtering, leave-one-out) were conducted to assess causal estimate robustness. Multivariable MR (MVMR) was used to estimate the effects of body mass index (BMI) and alcohol consumption frequency on causality. Results: The outcomes were potentially causally associated with 22 gut microbiotas and three metabolites. After multiple-test correction, 3-indoleglyoxylic acid retained significant causality with AITD (IVW: odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05\u20131.14, p = 2.43 \u00d7 10\u22125, FDR = 0.009). The sensitivity analyses were confirmatory (weighted median: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01\u20131.12, p = 0.025; MRPRESSO: OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.15\u20131.14, p = 0.001). MVMR revealed no confounding effects on this association (BMI: OR = 1.21, 95% CI =1.08\u20131.35, p = 0.001; drinks\/week: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.04\u20131.43, p = 0.014). Conclusions: MR revealed no significant causal effects of the gut microbiota on the outcomes. However, MR revealed the causal effects of 3-indoleglyoxylic acid on the risk of AITD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T04:47:17Z","timestamp":1731646037000},"page":"3898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites and Their Association with the Risk of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Updated assessment of the prevalence, spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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