{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T03:45:13Z","timestamp":1778557513579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (2020)","award":["PID2020-119162GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-119162GB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Caffeine is a widely recognized ergogenic aid for enhancing exercise performance. However, its effect on throwing performance has been less studied, yielding contradictory results. Objectives: The main aim of the study was to analyze the potential ergogenic effects of a moderate dose of caffeine (3 mg\u00b7kg\u22121 body mass) on vertical jump performance and throwing distance during a simulated competition in trained discus and hammer throwers. Methods: In a randomized, counterbalanced, and repeated measures design, 14 well-trained throwers (9 hammer throwers and 5 discus throwers; age 24.8 \u00b1 6.3 years old, training 14.9 \u00b1 5.0 h per week, competing experience 10.5 \u00b1 6.1 years) performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a modified throw, and a complete throw after the ingestion of 3 mg\u00b7kg\u207b\u00b9 body mass of caffeine or a placebo. Each participant performed three maximal-effort valid modified throws of his\/her respective event (i.e., hammer or discus throw), plus three maximal-effort valid official throws (up to five tries, respectively, in case any attempt was called as foul). Throwing distance was measured according to World Athletics regulations using a metal tape, while release speed was assessed with a radar device. After the performance measurements, participants completed a form about side effects prevalence. Results: Caffeine, compared to placebo, increased throw distance (3.0 \u00b1 5.1%, p = 0.048) and speed release (5.7 \u00b1 8.7%, p = 0.03) for the complete throw, and distance (3.6 \u00b1 4.4%, p = 0.01) and speed release (4.8 \u00b1 7.4 %, p = 0.01) for the modified throw. Caffeine ingestion did not significantly improve jump height (1.1 \u00b1 4.3%, p = 0.28), although it improved force and power on braking and the propulsive phases of the CMJ (p &lt; 0.05). Caffeine only increased the prevalence of activeness (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: An acute moderate dose of caffeine enhanced hammer and discus throw performance in well-trained throwers during a simulated competitive setting, with minimal adverse side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T06:06:54Z","timestamp":1731996414000},"page":"3908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Caffeine Enhances Some Aspects of Physical Performance in Well-Trained Hammer and Discus Throwers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Gallo-Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory (GIDECS), Faculty of Health Sciences HM Hospitals, Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Spain"},{"name":"HM Hospitals Health Research Institute, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5785-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Del Coso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory (GIDECS), Faculty of Health Sciences HM Hospitals, Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Spain"},{"name":"HM Hospitals Health Research Institute, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9130-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mill\u00e1n","family":"Aguilar-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8148-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Gir\u00e1ldez-Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory (GIDECS), Faculty of Health Sciences HM Hospitals, Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Spain"},{"name":"HM Hospitals Health Research Institute, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Areces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology Laboratory (GIDECS), Faculty of Health Sciences HM Hospitals, Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Spain"},{"name":"HM Hospitals Health Research Institute, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-890X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Revuelta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Campus de Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Hell\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4153-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Salinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Training Laboratory (GIRD), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0429","article-title":"Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Garthe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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