{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:24Z","timestamp":1760146584101,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Research Program for Agricultural Science &amp; Technology Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-RD010366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-RD010366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2022-RD010366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-RD010366"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The unknown immune-enhancing effects of steamed mature silkworms (Bombyx mori L.), known as HongJam (HJ), were investigated. Methods: Supercritical fluid extracts from the White Jade variety of HJ (WJ-SCEs) were applied to in vitro RAW264.7 macrophages (RAWMs) and ex vivo bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Results: WJ-SCE enhanced the proliferation and viability of both RAWMs and BMDMs. Supplementation with WJ-SCE significantly reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, resulting in decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. Additionally, WJ-SCE lowered the mRNA and protein expression of COX-2 and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mitochondrial function, ATP levels, and reactive oxygen species levels in LPS-treated macrophages were restored following WJ-SCE treatment. WJ-SCE modulated LPS-Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling by reducing the levels of phosphorylated (p)-p38, p-ERK1\/2, and p-p65. WJ-SCE also restored gene expression related to cytokines, chemokines, glucose transport, mitochondrial metabolism, and TLR-4 signaling, suggesting the inhibition of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, WJ-SCE enhanced macrophage phagocytic and pinocytotic activity. Conclusions: WJ-SCE demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting LPS-induced M1 polarization in both macrophage types, potentially suppressing chronic inflammation while enhancing phagocytosis and pinocytosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T06:06:54Z","timestamp":1731996414000},"page":"3932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amelioration of Toll-like Receptor-4 Signaling and Promotion of Mitochondrial Function by Mature Silkworm Extracts in Ex Vivo and in Vitro Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0723-2396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinh Yen Binh","family":"Phan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Medical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byungki","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Kuk","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Industrial Insects and Sericulture, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jongbok","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute Seoul Center, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong-Ryul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Industrial Insects and Sericulture, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kee-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Industrial Insects and Sericulture, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3608-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ho","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Medical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Abbas, A.K., Pillai, S., and Lichtman, A.H. 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