{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:45:14Z","timestamp":1779403514805,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Para\u00edba State Research Foundation","award":["41903.612.28794.22092020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41903.612.28794.22092020"]}]},{"name":"Para\u00edba State Research Foundation","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["41903.612.28794.22092020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41903.612.28794.22092020"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["41903.612.28794.22092020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41903.612.28794.22092020"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To analyze the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and cardiometabolic, biochemical, and inflammatory risk factors in children in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study using baseline data from a community-based controlled trial was carried out with 151 children from public schools in Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, Brazil aged 7 to 10 years. Dietary consumption was assessed using 24 h food recall, and UPF consumption was estimated using the NOVA classification system. Anthropometry (BMI for age), blood pressure, biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, GGT, cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, creatinine, urea, hs-CRP), and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17a, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1) were also assessed. Results: Children in the third tertile (highest UPF consumption) had higher serum concentrations of LDL-c (p-value = 0.04) and ALT (p-value = 0.01), with a trend towards higher AST (p-value = 0.06). Total energy (p-value = 0.01), trans fatty acid (p-value = 0.02), and sodium (p-value = 0.04) intakes were higher in the highest tertile, whereas protein (p-value &lt; 0.01) and fiber (p-value &lt; 0.01) intakes were lower. Concentrations of IL-17A (p-value = 0.01) and IL-10 (p-value = 0.04) were significantly higher in the second tertile. Multiple linear regression showed that UPF consumption was significantly associated with increased LDL-c, ALT, and AST concentrations. Conclusions: High intake of UPFs was associated with dyslipidemia, elevated liver enzymes, and inflammatory changes in children. Dietary interventions are needed to reduce UPF consumption and prevent cardiometabolic and liver disease in childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T06:06:54Z","timestamp":1731996414000},"page":"3944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children Living in Northeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-2591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane Cosmo","family":"Silva-Luis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3128-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Souza","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1vio Marcelino","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palloma Karlla","family":"Cantalice Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Paiva","family":"Brandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3273-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C\u00e9sar Trindade","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3742-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00fabia Cartaxo Squizato","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0327-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Jos\u00e9","family":"Baccin Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Biomedicine Science, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luiz","family":"de Brito Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Nutrition, Campus I, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100771","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: A multinational cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Cordova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. 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