{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:02:36Z","timestamp":1774936956567,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israeli Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor KAMIN","award":["53860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["53860"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor KAMIN","award":["3-13605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-13605"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor KAMIN","award":["316157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316157"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Ministry of Science, Technology, and Space","award":["53860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["53860"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Ministry of Science, Technology, and Space","award":["3-13605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-13605"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Ministry of Science, Technology, and Space","award":["316157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316157"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme FP7-REGPOT-2012-2013-1","award":["53860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["53860"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme FP7-REGPOT-2012-2013-1","award":["3-13605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-13605"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme FP7-REGPOT-2012-2013-1","award":["316157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background; obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) reduce life expectancy; nonoperative interventions show poor results. Individually, chitosan (1% w\/w), acetic acid (AA 0.3\u20136.5% w\/w), and sepiolite clay (5% w\/w) attenuate high-fat-diet-induced obesity (DIO) via reduced energy digestibility and increased energy expenditure. Objectives; therefore, we hypothesized that a chitosan\u2013sepiolite biocomposite suspended in AA would attenuate DIO and NAFLD to a greater extent than AA alone via its more substantial adsorption of nonpolar molecules. Methods; we tested this dietary supplement in C57BL\/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) compared to an unsupplemented HFD and an HFD supplemented with a bile acid sequestrant (cholestyramine) or standalone AA. Results; biocomposite supplementation reduced DIO gain by 60% and abolished hepatic liver accumulation, whereas standalone AA showed mild attenuation of DIO gain and did not prevent HFD-induced hepatic fat accumulation. The biocomposite intake was accompanied by a lower digestibility (\u22124 point %) counterbalanced by increased intake; hence, it did not affect energy absorption. Therefore, DIO attenuation was suggested to be related to higher energy expenditure, a phenomenon not found with AA alone, as supported by calculated energy expenditure using the energy balance method. Conclusions; these results support further investigation of the biocomposite\u2019s efficacy in attenuating obesity and NAFLD, specifically when applied with a restricted diet. Future studies are needed to determine this biocomposite\u2019s safety, mechanism of action, and efficacy compared to its components given separately or combined with other ingredients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T03:57:04Z","timestamp":1732075024000},"page":"3958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sepiolite\u2013Chitosan\u2013Acetic Acid Biocomposite Attenuates the Development of Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dalia","family":"Niv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL\u2014Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Anavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL\u2014Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laris","family":"Yaval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL\u2014Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atallah","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL\u2014Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giora","family":"Rytwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Physical Chemistry Laboratory, MIGAL\u2014Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel"},{"name":"Departments of Environmental and Water Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3282-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roee","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, The Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL\u2014Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109924","article-title":"Geographic distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components in the general adult population: A meta-analysis of global data from 28 million individuals","volume":"188","author":"Noubiap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00422-w","article-title":"Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"10","author":"Tak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. 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