{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:47:47Z","timestamp":1790711267021,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Numerous ecological, observational, and prospective studies, including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), report an inverse association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, susceptibility to infection-related complications, autoimmune diseases, and all-cause mortality. Results: Vitamin D operates through two distinct systems. The endocrine system comprises the renal tubular cell-derived circulatory calcitriol, which primarily regulates calcium homeostasis and muscular functions. In contrast, intracellularly generated calcitriol in peripheral target cells is responsible for intracrine\/paracrine system signaling and calcitriol\u2013vitamin D receptor-mediated genomic effects. Government-appointed committees and health organizations have developed various clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D supplementation and management. However, these guidelines heavily relied on the 2011 Institute of Medicine (IoM) report, which focused solely on the skeletal effects of vitamin D, ignoring other body systems. Thus, they do not represent maintaining good overall health and aspects of disease prevention. Additionally, the IoM report was intended as a public health recommendation for the government and is not a clinical guideline. Discussion: New country- and regional-specific guidelines must focus on healthy nations through disease prevention and reducing healthcare costs. They should not be restricted to bone effect and must encompass all extra-skeletal benefits. Nevertheless, due to misunderstandings, medical societies and other governments have used faulty IoM report as a foundation for creating vitamin D guidelines. Consequently, they placed disproportionate emphasis on bone health while largely overlooking its benefits for other bodily systems, making current guidelines, including 2024, the Endocrine Society less applicable to the public. As a result, the utility of published guidelines has been significantly reduced for clinical practice and RCTs that designed on bone-centric are generate misleading information and remain suboptimal for public health and disease prevention. Conclusions: This review and its recommendations address the gaps in current vitamin D clinical practice guidelines and propose a framework for developing more effective, country and region-specific recommendations that capture the extra-skeletal benefits of vitamin D to prevent multiple diseases and enhance public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T10:37:35Z","timestamp":1732099055000},"page":"3969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Integrating Endocrine, Genomic, and Extra-Skeletal Benefits of Vitamin D into National and Regional Clinical Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil J.","family":"Wimalawansa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CardioMetabolic and Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott T.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce W.","family":"Hollis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Controlling Chronic Diseases and Acute Infections with Vitamin D Sufficiency. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163623"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.500S","article-title":"Vitamin D across the lifecycle: Physiology and biomarkers","volume":"88","author":"Prentice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Infections and Autoimmunity-The Immune System and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173842"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"129","article-title":"Autocrine and paracrine actions of vitamin D","volume":"31","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00013.2004","article-title":"Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid gland physiology","volume":"286","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Physiological Basis for Using Vitamin D to Improve Health. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061542"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.S., Petkovich, M., Holden, R.M., and Adams, M.A. (2022). Megalin and vitamin D metabolism-implications in non-renal tissues and kidney disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183690"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.11.2754","article-title":"Megalin-mediated endocytosis of vitamin D binding protein correlates with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol actions in human mammary cells","volume":"136","author":"Rowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.048074","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 reduces megalin- and cubilin-mediated endocytosis of albumin in proximal-tubule-derived opossum kidney cells","volume":"552","author":"Gekle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2653","article-title":"Clinical review: The role of the parent compound vitamin D with respect to metabolism and function: Why clinical dose intervals can affect clinical outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Hollis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1669","article-title":"Maternal versus infant vitamin D supplementation during lactation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"136","author":"Hollis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80361-3","article-title":"High concentrations of vitamin D2 in human milk associated with pharmacologic doses of vitamin D2","volume":"105","author":"Greer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2006.1.59","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeding mothers and their infants: A 6-month follow-up pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Wagner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075111","article-title":"Factors affecting 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in response to vitamin D supplementation","volume":"7","author":"Mazahery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24494","article-title":"Sunlight and vitamin D: A global perspective for health","volume":"5","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"75","article-title":"Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency and Comorbidities: A Review","volume":"66","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Update on recent progress in vitamin D research. Treatment of metabolic bone disorders by vitamin D","volume":"27","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Calcium."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12090","article-title":"Guidelines for optimizing design and analysis of clinical studies of nutrient effects","volume":"72","author":"Heaney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2022). Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections-Sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142997"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2147\/PLMI.S373617","article-title":"Overcoming infections including COVID-19, by maintaining circulating 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng\/mL","volume":"14","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Lab. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasher, V.P., and Janicki, M.P. (2019). Improving Lives through alleviating malnutrition. Physical Health of Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90083-4"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6835341","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6835341","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with muscle atrophy and reduced mitochondrial function in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"2019","author":"Dzik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15226\/2374-6890\/3\/3\/00152","article-title":"Extra-skeletal benefits, endocrine functions, and toxicity of vitamin D","volume":"3","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Diab."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"90","article-title":"Vitamin D: An essential component for skeletal health","volume":"1240","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, C.A., French, C.B., Baggerly, L.L., Garland, C.F., Gorham, E.D., Hollis, B.W., Trump, D.L., and Lappe, J.M. (2018). Breast cancer risk markedly lower with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations >\/=60 vs <20 ng\/mL (150 vs 50 nmol\/L): Pooled analysis of two randomized trials and a prospective cohort. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199265"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality-a review of recent evidence","volume":"12","author":"Pludowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"9","article-title":"Frontiers in vitamin D; basic research and clinical application. Vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency","volume":"21","author":"Okazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Calcium"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.016","article-title":"Non-musculoskeletal benefits of vitamin D","volume":"175","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2000). Vitamin D: Production, metabolism and mechanisms of action. Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71094","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71094","article-title":"Placental uptake and metabolism of 25(OH)vitamin D determine its activity within the fetoplacental unit","volume":"11","author":"Ashley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, C., Davis, C., Zhu, W., Bowman-Kirigin, J., Walker, A., Tai, Z., Thomas, K., Donato, J., Lesniewski, L., and Li, Y. (2015). Dietary vitamin D and Its metabolites non-genomically stabilize the endothelium. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140370"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.2007.00514.x","article-title":"Role of megalin, a proximal tubular endocytic receptor, in calcium and phosphate homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Saito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834b0040","article-title":"Vitamin D requirements and supplementation during pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heath, A.K., Kim, I.Y., Hodge, A.M., English, D.R., and Muller, D.C. (2019). Vitamin D status and mortality: A systematic review of observational studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030383"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2005). Opinion of the scientific panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed on a request from the commission on the evaluation of safety and efficacy of \u201cHy\u2022D\u201d (calcifediol), based on 25 hydroxylcholecalciferol\/25-hydroxy-pre-cholecalciferol, as feed additive in accordance with Council Directive 70\/524\/EEC. (Question N\u00b0 EFSA-Q-2004-065). EFSA J., 224, 224.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2005.224"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.01.014","article-title":"Vitamin D3 and calcidiol are not equipotent","volume":"164","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.204","article-title":"Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol","volume":"77","author":"Heaney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.317","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: Implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D","volume":"135","author":"Hollis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.6","article-title":"Risk assessment for vitamin D","volume":"85","author":"Hathcock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e10705","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on acute fracture healing: A phase II screening randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Slobogean","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res. Plus"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e10606","article-title":"Vitamin D: A single initial dose is not bogus if followed by an appropriate maintenance intake","volume":"6","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res. Plus"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcala-Diaz, J.F., Limia-Perez, L., Gomez-Huelgas, R., Martin-Escalante, M.D., Cortes-Rodriguez, B., Zambrana-Garcia, J.L., Entrenas-Castillo, M., Perez-Caballero, A.I., Lopez-Carmona, M.D., and Garcia-Alegria, J. (2021). Calcifediol treatment and hospital mortality due to COVID-19: A cohort study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061760"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03103-1","article-title":"Calcifediol: A review of its pharmacological characteristics and clinical use in correcting vitamin D deficiency","volume":"62","author":"Jodar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00909-w","article-title":"Calcifediol boosts efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine by upregulating genes promoting memory T cell responses","volume":"9","author":"Saroha","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4683-6","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016","volume":"43","author":"Rhodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2021-211973","article-title":"Severe vitamin D deficiency in patients admitted to the emergency department with severe sepsis is associated with an increased 90-day mortality","volume":"40","author":"Malinverni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Cui, J., Li, S., Shen, J., Luo, X., Yao, Y., and Shi, H. (2024). Combined effects of vitamin D deficiency and systemic inflammation on all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in older adults. BMC Geriatr., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04706-x"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, M., He, C., Gong, M., Wu, S., and He, J. (2023). The effects of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in different diseases: An evidence-map and umbrella review of 116 randomized controlled trials. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1132528"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2012). Vitamin D: Everything You Need to Know, Karu Sons."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7031538","article-title":"Emphasizing the health benefits of vitamin D for those with neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disabilities","volume":"7","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation guidelines","volume":"175","author":"Pludowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefaniak, A., Partyka, R., Duda, S., Ostrega, W., Niedziela, J., Nowak, J., Malinowska-Borowska, J., Rywik, T., Leszek, P., and Hudzik, B. (2020). The association between serum levels of 25[OH]D, body weight changes and body composition Indices in patients with heart failure. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041228"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.11.004","article-title":"Increases in plasma 25(OH)D levels are related to improvements in body composition and blood pressure in middle-aged subjects after a weight loss intervention: Longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"Abete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: What clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1300213","DOI":"10.1080\/19381980.2017.1300213","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin D3 intakes up to 15,000 international units\/day and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations up to 300 nmol\/L on calcium metabolism in a community setting","volume":"9","author":"Kimball","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.12.010","article-title":"Daily oral dosing of vitamin D3 using 5000 to 50,000 international units a day in long-term hospitalized patients: Insights from a seven year experience","volume":"189","author":"McCullough","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.009","article-title":"Results of daily oral dosing with up to 60,000 international units (iu) of vitamin D3 for 2 to 6 years in 3 adult males","volume":"173","author":"McCullough","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, P., Sitong, W., Wang, L., Xu, T., Xu, T., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Li, K., Wang, X., and He, J. (Engineering, 2024). Modifiers of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Engineering, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.07.010"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.12.009","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D in human health: Hype or real?","volume":"180","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4065\/81.3.353","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health","volume":"81","author":"Holick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515600248","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis patients have a diminished serologic response to vitamin D supplementation compared to healthy controls","volume":"22","author":"Bhargava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.07.075","article-title":"Vitamin D and the parenteral nutrition patient","volume":"137","author":"DeLuca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.06.009","article-title":"Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice","volume":"9","author":"Souberbielle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.04.008","article-title":"Highlights from the 5th International Conference on Vitamin D Deficiency, Nutrition and Human Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, March 24\u201325, 2016","volume":"175","author":"Haq","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h321","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h321","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and reasonable solar UVB should be recommended to prevent escalating incidence of chronic diseases","volume":"350","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1039866","article-title":"Sunlight and vitamin D: Necessary for public health","volume":"34","author":"Baggerly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70113-5","article-title":"Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: A mendelian randomisation study","volume":"2","author":"Vimaleswaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.11.002","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures","volume":"42","author":"Visser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0098-7","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and body mass index: The Tromso study","volume":"49","author":"Jorde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1176","article-title":"A reverse J-shaped association of all-cause mortality with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in general practice: The CopD study","volume":"97","author":"Durup","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2124-5","article-title":"Vitamin D status is associated with physical performance: The results of three independent cohorts","volume":"24","author":"Sohl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"607","article-title":"Vitamin D supplement doses and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the range associated with cancer prevention","volume":"31","author":"Garland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161435.ESGL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis\u20142016--Executive Summary","volume":"22","author":"Camacho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.021","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"175","author":"Haq","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.12.011","article-title":"Vitamin D: Effects on human reproduction, pregnancy, and fetal well-being","volume":"180","author":"Heyden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.K., Garland, C.F., Gorham, E.D., BuDoff, L., and Barrett-Connor, E. (2018). Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: 12-year cohort study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193070"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirvani, A., Kalajian, T.A., Song, A., and Holick, M.F. (2019). Disassociation of vitamin D\u2019s calcemic activity and non-calcemic genomic activity and Individual tesponsiveness: A randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53864-1"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.12.001","article-title":"Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations May Explain Atherosclerosis in Ancient and Modern Humans","volume":"10","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009","article-title":"Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes","volume":"152","author":"Pittas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: Modulator of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.03.007","article-title":"The influence of winter vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and injury occurrence in elite ballet dancers: A controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Wyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1039\/c7pp00378a","article-title":"Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure on serum 25(OH)D concentration: A pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5387","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0360","article-title":"Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans","volume":"89","author":"Armas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-011-0094-8","article-title":"Vitamin D in the new millennium","volume":"10","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2115","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on cancer incidence in older women: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"317","author":"Lappe","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1976.230.2.527","article-title":"Fluoride renal clearance: A pH-dependent event","volume":"230","author":"Whitford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2007.05.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and its implications for musculoskeletal health in women: An update","volume":"58","year":"2007","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"29","article-title":"Impact of oral vitamin D (cholecalciferol) replacement therapy on blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients; a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Nasri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nephropathol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaksch, M., Jorde, R., Grimnes, G., Joakimsen, R., Schirmer, H., Wilsgaard, T., Mathiesen, E.B., Njolstad, I., Lochen, M.L., and Marz, W. (2017). Vitamin D and mortality: Individual participant data meta-analysis of standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 26916 individuals from a European consortium. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170791"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9885-6","article-title":"Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and survival in Norwegian patients with cancer of breast, colon, lung, and lymphoma: A population-based study","volume":"23","author":"Tretli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302034","article-title":"Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"104","author":"Garland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-4-200808190-00005","article-title":"Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk of hip Fractures: The women\u2019s health initiative","volume":"149","author":"Cauley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.68","article-title":"An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels","volume":"65","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.03.006","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D values and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A population-based cohort study","volume":"93","author":"Dudenkov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1353","article-title":"Thresholds for Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations With Respect to Different Outcomes","volume":"100","author":"Sohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghajafari, F., Field, C.J., Weinberg, A.R., Letourneau, N., and Team, A.P.S. (2018). Both Mother and Infant Require a Vitamin D Supplement to Ensure That Infants\u2019 Vitamin D Status Meets Current Guidelines. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040429"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.039","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Improvements in birth outcomes and complications through direct genomic alteration","volume":"453","author":"Hollis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.013","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy, prenatal 25(OH)D levels, race, and subsequent asthma or recurrent wheeze in offspring: Secondary analyses from the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial","volume":"140","author":"Wolsk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9414-3","article-title":"Vitamin D administration during pregnancy as prevention for pregnancy, neonatal and postnatal complications","volume":"18","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, C.L., and Hollis, B.W. (2018). The implications of vitamin D status during pregnancy on mother and her developing child. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00500"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.788","article-title":"Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age","volume":"85","author":"Camargo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0718","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia","volume":"92","author":"Bodnar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6216.751","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: Effects on calcium status and fetal growth","volume":"280","author":"Brooke","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1981.tb01686.x","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements enhance weight gain and nutritional status in pregnant Asians","volume":"88","author":"Maxwell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.463","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness","volume":"26","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9607-4","article-title":"Vitamin D and pregnancy: Skeletal effects, nonskeletal effects, and birth outcomes","volume":"92","author":"Hollis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4030208","article-title":"Vitamin D and its role during pregnancy in attaining optimal health of mother and fetus","volume":"4","author":"Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.03.022","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D and fetal growth in early-onset severe preeclampsia","volume":"204","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2017.30","article-title":"New insights into the vitamin D requirements during pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Hollis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"636","article-title":"Australasian society for parenteral and enteral nutrition (AuSPEN) adult vitamin guidelines for parenteral nutrition","volume":"25","author":"Osland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533614539178","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency and response to oral supplementation in patients receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition","volume":"29","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607107031002142","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory mediators and bone homeostasis in intestinal failure","volume":"31","author":"Compher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzetti, F., Staun, M., and van Gossum, A. (2006). Home Parenteral Nutrition, CAB International. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845931568.0023"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7110.1000257","article-title":"Rational food fortification programs to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"4","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000454930","article-title":"Compliance with Dietary Guidelines and Increased Fortification Can Double Vitamin D Intake: A Simulation Study","volume":"69","author":"Harika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilz, S., Marz, W., Cashman, K.D., Kiely, M.E., Whiting, S.J., Holick, M.F., Grant, W.B., Pludowski, P., Hiligsmann, M., and Trummer, C. (2018). Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: A review and guidance paper. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00373"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-018-0403-5","article-title":"In utero exposure to extra vitamin D from food fortification and the risk of subsequent development of gestational diabetes: The D-tect study","volume":"17","author":"Keller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiely, M., and Cashman, K.D. (2018). Summary Outcomes of the ODIN Project on Food Fortification for Vitamin D Deficiency Prevention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112342"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010646","article-title":"Micronutrient fortification of food in Southeast Asia: Recommendations from an expert workshop","volume":"7","author":"Gayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx025","article-title":"Vitamin D3, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3, and Food Fortification","volume":"148","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Effective and practical ways to overcome vitamin D deficiency","volume":"8","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"000571","article-title":"Prophylactic use of vitamin D to maintain a robust immune system against infections like SARS-CoV-2","volume":"3","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. J. Endocrinol. Metab. GJEM"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J., and Polonowita, A. (2021, January 27\u201328). Boosting immunity with vitamin D for preventing complications and deaths from COVID-19. Proceedings of the COVID 19: Impact, Mitigation, Opportunities and Building Resilience \u201cFrom Adversity to Serendipity\u201d, Perspectives of Global Relevance based on Research, Experience and Successes in Combating COVID-19 in Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.08.027","article-title":"Developing vitamin D dietary guidelines and the lack of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay standardization: The ever-present past","volume":"164","author":"Sempos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1085","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz299","article-title":"Determinants and measurement of neonatal vitamin D: Overestimation of 25(OH)D in cord blood using CLIA asssay technology","volume":"105","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000292","article-title":"A Canadian response to the 2010 Institute of Medicine vitamin D and calcium guidelines","volume":"14","author":"Schwalfenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308299","article-title":"Vitamin D: Increasing supplement use among at-risk groups (NICE guideline PH56)","volume":"101","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Educ. Pract. Ed."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2903-2","article-title":"Vitamin D in European children-statement from the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP)","volume":"176","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.31","article-title":"Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D","volume":"13","author":"Bouillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517003646","article-title":"Prenatal vitamin D status and offspring\u2019s growth, adiposity and metabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Santamaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-017-0120-8","article-title":"Vitamin D in the prevention, prediction and treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases","volume":"8","author":"Koduah","year":"2017","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman, D.C., Curry, S.J., Owens, D.K., Barry, M.J., Caughey, A.B., Davidson, K.W., Doubeni, C.A., Epling, J.W., and Kemper, A.R. (2018). Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA, 319, 1592\u20131599.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3185"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munasinghe, L.L., Willows, N.D., Yuan, Y., Ekwaru, J.P., and Veugelers, P.J. (2017). Vitamin D Sufficiency of Canadian Children Did Not Improve Following the 2010 Revision of the Dietary Guidelines That Recommend Higher Intake of Vitamin D: An Analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090945"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu093","article-title":"National Osteoporosis Society vitamin D guideline summary","volume":"43","author":"Aspray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.328","article-title":"Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient","volume":"26","author":"Heaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (2023, February 20). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZsMPp6I59VwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&ots=Bj8aw34dhb&sig=J-h2sZXnybJVIY9SXD1Y4_3HN98#v=onepage&q&f=false."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10189","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125527","article-title":"Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation Doses that Minimize the Risk for Both Low and High Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the General Population","volume":"7","author":"Veugelers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000267","article-title":"The Institute of Medicine did not find the vitamin D-cancer link because it ignored UV-B dose studies","volume":"14","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800410396947","article-title":"Is the Institute of Medicine report on calcium and vitamin D good science?","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.138792","article-title":"Response to vitamin D intake: From the Antarctic to the Institute of Medicine","volume":"141","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.01.004","article-title":"The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D: What dietetics practitioners need to know","volume":"111","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.005","article-title":"Vitamin D status among the juvenile population: A retrospective study","volume":"175","author":"Haq","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000309","article-title":"The vitamin D requirement during human lactation: The facts and IOM\u2019s \u2018utter\u2019 failure","volume":"14","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.03.006","article-title":"Vitamin D and common sense","volume":"14","author":"Binkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000279","article-title":"Finding the appropriate referent for vitamin D","volume":"14","author":"Heaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D requirements to prevent nutritional rickets in Nigerian children on a low-calcium diet-a multivariable reanalysis","volume":"114","author":"Sempos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.543923","article-title":"Extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease","volume":"43","author":"Chonchol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.017","article-title":"Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"175","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2016, January 24\u201325). IOM recommendations vs. vitamin D guidelines applicable to the rest of the world. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Vitamin D, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.02.011","article-title":"Sun exposure, vitamin D and cancer risk reduction","volume":"49","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000329258","article-title":"Sun exposure, vitamin D intake and progression to disability among veterans with progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"McDowell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.16.111","article-title":"The Big Vitamin D Mistake","volume":"50","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6104472","article-title":"A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D","volume":"6","author":"Veugelers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Ross, A., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and Del Valle, H.B. (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Institue of Medicine."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328348ed85","article-title":"Assessing vitamin D status","volume":"14","author":"Heaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-023-00433-z","article-title":"Cost-utility of vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections in children","volume":"21","author":"Buendia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cost Eff. Resour. Alloc."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17749","article-title":"Serum vitamin D concentration in children with pneumonia and acute respiratory infections, risk factors for its low level","volume":"17","author":"Ayvazyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2023.12.007","article-title":"Vitamin D and viral infections: Infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers","volume":"109","author":"Grant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5103993","article-title":"Molecular link between vitamin D and cancer prevention","volume":"5","author":"Moukayed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dipasquale, V., Lo Presti, G., Milani, G.P., Corsello, A., Agostoni, C., and Romano, C. (2022). Vitamin D in Prevention of Autoimmune Diseases. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed), 27.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2710288"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirbe, C., Rednic, S., Grama, A., and Pop, T.L. (2022). An update on the effects of vitamin D on the immune system and autoimmune diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179784"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae312","article-title":"A systematic review supporting the endocrine society clinical practice guidelines on vitamin D","volume":"109","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Demay, M., Pittas, A.G., Bikle, D., Diab, D.L., Kiely, M.E., Lazaretti-Castro, M.L., Lips, P., Mitchell, D.M., Murad, M.H., and Powers, S. (2024, June 06). Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease Guideline Resources. Available online: https:\/\/www.endocrine.org\/clinical-practice-guidelines\/vitamin-d-for-prevention-of-disease."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2012.03.006","article-title":"Low vitamin D status: Definition, prevalence, consequences, and correction","volume":"38","author":"Binkley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1290-9","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and management of major chronic diseases not related to mineral homeostasis in adults: Research for evidence and a scientific statement from the European society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (ESCEO)","volume":"56","author":"Cianferotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2013.0012","article-title":"Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe\u2014Recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"64","author":"Pludowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pludowski, P., Kos-Kudla, B., Walczak, M., Fal, A., Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz, D., Sieroszewski, P., Peregud-Pogorzelski, J., Lauterbach, R., Targowski, T., and Lewinski, A. (2023). Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency: A 2023 update in Poland. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030695"},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"149","article-title":"Prophylaxis of vitamin D deficiency\u2014Polish recommendation 2009","volume":"81","author":"Charzewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2011.129","article-title":"Guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (SIOMMMS)","volume":"63","author":"Adami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"(2024, March 05). Note 96\u2014Prevenzione Etrattamento Della Carenza di Vitamina D. Available online: https:\/\/www.ats-brescia.it\/documents\/3432658\/77479128\/Nota+AIFA+96.pdf\/082ade10-6851-e402-6a9a-4c856a168be4."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"(2024, March 05). AIFA Note 96 \u2018Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency\u2019 Has Been Updated, Available online: https:\/\/www.aifa.gov.it\/en\/-\/aggiornata_nota_96_vitamina_d_21_02_2023."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202106","article-title":"Supplemental Vitamin D and Incident Fractures in Midlife and Older Adults","volume":"387","author":"LeBoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16909","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, or a strength-training exercise program on clinical outcomes in older adults: The DO-HEALTH randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Vellas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae009","article-title":"Consensus statement on vitamin D status assessment and supplementation: Whys, whens, and hows","volume":"45","author":"Giustina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"121","article-title":"Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection and Therapy of Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults","volume":"138","author":"Giljevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lijec. Vjesn."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-017-2476-0","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Childhood\u2014A Review of Guidelines","volume":"85","author":"Randev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bittar, F.B., Castro, C.H.M., and Szejnfeld, V.L. (2018). Screening for vitamin D deficiency in a tropical area: Results of a sun exposure questionnaire. BMC Endocr. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0272-0"},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"9689760","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Elderly Patients Admitted to an Inpatient Rehabilitation Unit in Tropical Singapore","volume":"2016","author":"Neo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rehabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"541","article-title":"Primary care of adults with developmental disabilities: Canadian consensus guidelines","volume":"57","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12015","article-title":"Intellectual disability and impact on oral health: A paired study","volume":"33","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spec. Care Dent."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls075","article-title":"Association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D and the risk of cognitive decline in older women","volume":"67","author":"Slinin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9790-2","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: Meta-analysis of 283,537 participants","volume":"28","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-1786.100030","article-title":"Vitamin D adequacy and improvements of comorbidities in persons with intellectual developmental disabilities","volume":"2","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4038\/sjdem.v2i2.4776","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2014What clinicians would like to know","volume":"1","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J. Diabetes Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0271-x","article-title":"Nutritional and Micronutrient Care of Bariatric Surgery Patients: Current Evidence Update","volume":"6","author":"Via","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.013","article-title":"Guidelines on vitamin D replacement in bariatric surgery: Identification and systematic appraisal","volume":"65","author":"Chakhtoura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.20015","article-title":"Evidence-based D-bate on health benefits of vitamin D revisited","volume":"4","author":"Holick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Derm.-Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073734","article-title":"Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13518.OR","article-title":"The vitamin D dose response in obesity","volume":"20","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067777","article-title":"Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in African Americans: Results of a 4-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2647","article-title":"Does vitamin D improve muscle strength in adults? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among ethnic minorities in Norway","volume":"99","author":"Knutsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14416.OR","article-title":"Effectiveness and outcomes of current Practice in treating vitamin D deficiency in patients listed for liver transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Chaney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14320.OR","article-title":"Ethnicity, clothing style, and body Mass index are significant predictors of vitamin D insufficiency in Germany","volume":"21","author":"Farahati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14123.OR","article-title":"Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and heart failure in a Chinese elderly population","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.11.018","article-title":"National Osteoporosis Society practical clinical guideline on vitamin D and bone health","volume":"80","author":"Francis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) (2021, August 03). Vitamin D: Supplement Use in Specific Population Groups. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ph56."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamri, S.H., Kennedy, C.C., Marr, S., Lohfeld, L., Skidmore, C.J., and Papaioannou, A. (2015). Strategies to overcome barriers to implementing osteoporosis and fracture prevention guidelines in long-term care: A qualitative analysis of action plans suggested by front line staff in Ontario, Canada. BMC Geriatr., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0099-8"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11592","article-title":"Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: A position statement","volume":"198","author":"Paxton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-022-2448-y","article-title":"Indian academy of pediatrics revised (2021) guidelines on prevention and Treatment of vitamin D deficiency and rickets","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valsta, L.M., Tapanainen, H., Kortetmaki, T., Sares-Jaske, L., Paalanen, L., Kaartinen, N.E., Haario, P., and Kaljonen, M. (2022). Disparities in nutritional adequacy of diets between different socioeconomic groups of Finnish adults. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071347"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.03.004","article-title":"Vitamin D in the Middle East and North Africa","volume":"8","author":"Chakhtoura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819896878","article-title":"Vitamin D status and current policies to achieve adequate vitamin D intake in the Nordic countries","volume":"49","author":"Itkonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-0709-8","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of vitamin D deficiency in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries: An expert consensus summary statement from the GCC vitamin D advisory board","volume":"15","author":"Beshyah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, F., Kasperzyk, J.L., Shui, I., Hendrickson, W., Hollis, B.W., Fall, K., Ma, J., Gaziano, J.M., Stampfer, M.J., and Mucci, L.A. (2011). Prediagnostic plasma vitamin D metabolites and mortality among patients with prostate cancer. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018625"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.09.032","article-title":"Health is better at serum 25(OH)D above 30ng\/mL","volume":"136","author":"Heaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7031688","article-title":"Letter to Veugelers, P.J. and Ekwaru, J.P. A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D. Nutrients 2014, 6, 4472\u20134475; doi:10.3390\/nu6104472","volume":"7","author":"Heaney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"e38578","article-title":"Benefits and risks of sun exposure to maintain adequate Vitamin D levels","volume":"15","author":"Riskin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"432","article-title":"Global epidemic of coronavirus -COVID-19: What can we do to minimize risks","volume":"7","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biomed. Pharma Sci."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maintaining optimum health requires longer-term stable vitamin D concentrations","volume":"3","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Regenr. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12108","article-title":"Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe","volume":"39","author":"Spiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6730-8_22","article-title":"UPLC-MS\/MS Determination of Deuterated 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (d3-25OHD3) and Other Vitamin D Metabolites for the Measurement of 25OHD Half-Life","volume":"1546","author":"Assar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.244541","article-title":"Measurement by a Novel LC-MS\/MS Methodology Reveals Similar Serum Concentrations of Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Blacks and Whites","volume":"62","author":"Henderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_217","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S. (2024, June 05). Part 1-5: Vitamin D: Everything You Need Know\u2026 and More. Available online: https:\/\/www.grassrootshealth.net\/blog\/vitamin-d-everything-need-know\/."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117004104","article-title":"Vitamin D in adolescence: Evidence-based dietary requirements and implications for public health policy","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.08.009","article-title":"Why vitamin D clinical trials should be based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations","volume":"177","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12751","article-title":"Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome","volume":"83","author":"Sablok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabuyanga, R.K., Tugirimana, P.L., Sifa, B., Balezi, M., Dikete, M.E., Mitangala, P.N., Elongi, J.P.M., Kinenkinda, X.K., and Kakoma, J.S.Z. (2024). Effect of early vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of preeclampsia in primigravid women: A randomised clinical trial in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06277-6"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00109","article-title":"Effectiveness of prenatal vitamin D deficiency screening and treatment program: A stratified randomized Ffield trial","volume":"103","author":"Rostami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.10.003","article-title":"Prenatal vitamin D supplementation to prevent childhood asthma: 15-year results from the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART)","volume":"153","author":"Weiss","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18589","article-title":"Effect of Prenatal Supplementation with vitamin D on asthma or recurrent wheezing in offspring by age 3 Years: The VDAART randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Litonjua","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1906137","article-title":"Six-year follow-up of a trial of antenatal vitamin D for asthma reduction","volume":"382","author":"Litonjua","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0052","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and asthma in offspring at the age of 6 years","volume":"321","author":"Brustad","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00136","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D deficiency with peripheral arterial disease: A meta-analysis of literature studies","volume":"103","author":"Iannuzzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, H.X., Liu, C.J., Li, J., Chen, S.J., and Xu, F. (2017). Clinical Significance and Prognostic Effect of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Critical and Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050478"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9418-z","article-title":"Current evidence on vitamin D deficiency and kidney transplant: What\u2019s new?","volume":"18","author":"Sarno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0015","article-title":"Evaluation of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol dosing, 1,600 IU daily or 50,000 IU monthly in older adults","volume":"96","author":"Binkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_231","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reconciling the irreconcilable: Micronutrients in clinical nutrition and public health","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vitam. Miner."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.5459","article-title":"Vitamin food fortification today","volume":"56","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"326","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis: Need for vitamin D food fortification","volume":"51","author":"Joshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.3.161","article-title":"Food patterns, flour fortification, and intakes of calcium and vitamin D: A longitudinal study of Danish adults","volume":"52","author":"Osler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.36811\/ojprm.2020.110010","article-title":"Commonsense approaches to minimizing risks from COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open J. Pulmonol. Respir. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/22\/3969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:36:08Z","timestamp":1760114168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/22\/3969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"references-count":235,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16223969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16223969","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]}}}