{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T08:47:47Z","timestamp":1774169267923,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008316","name":"Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BWS_1.479.00_2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BWS_1.479.00_2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Childhood obesity is a consistent public health issue, which often persists into adulthood. This study determined risk factors of childhood obesity and associated comorbidities in German school children. Methods: Data of 1956 primary school children (7.1 \u00b1 0.6 years) were analysed. Anthropometrics were taken on site, other (health) parameters were assessed using a parental questionnaire. Binary logistic regression models were calculated, controlling for age, gender, family education level, and migration background. Results: Father\u2019s physical illness (OR 1.092 [1.177; 3.073], p = 0.009) and a child\u2019s chronic illness (OR 1.687 [1.077; 2.644], p = 0.022), maternal and paternal overweight (OR 2.180 [1.492; 3.185]; OR 2.494 [1.547; 4.022], p &lt; 0.001, respectively), as well as maternal and paternal smoking (OR 1.942 [1.306; 2.889]; OR 1.972 [1.334; 2.917], p = 0.001, respectively) were significantly associated with the child being overweight. Also associated with the child being overweight were physical activity, regular screen media use (OR 0.605 [0.408, 0.896], p = 0.012; OR 2.029 [1.306; 3.152], p = 0.002, respectively), the mother and\/or father thinking their child is too fat (OR 2.213 [1.504; 3.258], p &lt; 0.001; OR 1.537 [1.048; 2.253], p = 0.028), the father\u2019s physical inactivity (OR 1.69 [1.133; 2.521], p = 0.010), and if the child has not been breastfed (OR 1.632 [1.056; 2.521], p = 0.027), the mother smoked during pregnancy (OR 1.992 [1.224; 3.246], p = 0.006) as well as if the mother and\/or father admonished their child about their weight (OR 25.521 [14.578; 44.680]; OR 19.448 [11.865; 31.877], p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Children of unemployed mothers and in low-income households had an increased risk of being overweight (OR 4.811 [1.642; 14.096], p = 0.004; OR 2.203 [1.360; 3.568], p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: This study shows that parental health, lifestyle, and social behaviours matter in determining childhood obesity. Understanding those is essential to promoting a healthy lifestyle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16233987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T12:25:42Z","timestamp":1732191942000},"page":"3987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Correlates of Overweight and Obesity in German Primary School Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Rei\u00dfner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89073 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Wartha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89073 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Dreyhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Kobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89073 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.113905","article-title":"Association of All-Cause Mortality with Overweight and Obesity Using Standard Body Mass Index Categories: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis","volume":"309","author":"Flegal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502821","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Risks and Severity of Obesity in Children and Young Adults","volume":"373","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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