{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:07:21Z","timestamp":1788826041491,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by severe pain, inflammation, and joint deformity. Currently, it affects 1% of the population, with a projection to exceed 23 million cases by 2030. Despite significant advancements, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the first line of treatment, are associated with a range of adverse effects. Consequently, plant-based derivatives are being utilized as an effective alternative. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and safety profile of Colchicum luteum hydroethanolic extract (CLHE) in comparison to NSAIDs, with a focus on COX-2 and TNF\u03b1 inhibition. Methods: CLHE potential was evaluated by phytochemical screening and in vitro bioactivity assays. Toxicity profile was conducted in Human Colon Epithelial Cells (HCEC) and Balb\/c mice. Anti-inflammatory potential was explored in a collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) mice model. Bioactive compounds were identified computationally from GCMS data and subjected to docking and simulation studies against COX2 and TNF\u03b1. Results: CLHE demonstrated significant antioxidant (IC-50 = 6.78 \u00b5g\/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC-50 = 97.39 \u00b5g\/mL) activity. It maintained 50% cell viability at 78.5 \u03bcg\/\u00b5L in HCEC cells and exhibited no toxicity at a dose of 5000 mg\/kg in mice. In the CIA model, CLHE significantly reduced paw swelling, arthritic scoring, C-reactive protein levels, and spleen indices, outperforming ibuprofen. Expression analysis confirmed the downregulation of COX-2, TNF\u03b1, and MMP-9. Histopathological analysis indicated the superior efficacy of CLHE compared to ibuprofen in reducing inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and bone erosion. Computational studies identified compound-15 (CL15), (4-(4,7-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid), a non-toxic compound with strong binding affinities to COX-2 (\u221212.9 KJ\/mol), and TNF-\u03b1 (\u22125.8 KJ\/mol). Conclusions: The findings suggest the potential of Colchicum luteum as a safer, anti-inflammatory, and multi-targeted alternative to NSAIDs for RA treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"4020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phytochemical, Cytoprotective Profiling, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Colchicum luteum in Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Experimental and Simulation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huda","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attya","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1053-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1341-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qaisar","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Sector G-9\/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.47144\/phj.v55i3.2304","article-title":"Thirty Years Trend of Rheumatic Heart Diseases, Pakistan Chapter: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"55","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pakistan Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radu, A.-F., and Bungau, S.G. 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