{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:00:23Z","timestamp":1768986023687,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hellenic Society for the Study of Bone Metabolism"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The beneficial effects of \u03c9-3 fatty acids on the cardiovascular system have been observed in many epidemiological studies; however, their effects on the skeleton and in particular on postmenopausal bone loss appear to vary. The present study\u2019s purpose was to investigate the effects of oral fish oil (rich in \u03c9-3 fatty acids) consumption on bone, plasma, and inflammation parameters in the ovariectomized (Ovx) rat model of osteopenia. Methods: Four Groups of ten rats each were separated into Non-Ovx receiving fish oil (2.8 g\/kg body weight) (Non-Ovx + FO), Non-Ovx receiving isocaloric corn oil (Non-Ovx + CO), Ovx receiving fish oil (Ovx + FO), and Ovx receiving corn oil (Ovx + CO) daily for 4 months. Results: Tibial bone mineral density percentage changes from baseline were +4.09% in Non-Ovx + FO rats versus \u22122.99% in Non-Ovx + CO rats (p NS), and \u22125.73% in Ovx + FO rats versus \u221214.12% in Ovx + CO rats (p = 0.070), indicating a tendency to protect from bone loss. Fish oil exerted a beneficial effect on bone strength, as shown by significantly increased femoral fracture stress in Ovx + FO, compared to Ovx + CO rats (p = 0.05). The plasma\u2019s total cholesterol was significantly reduced in both FO Groups versus the CO Groups (p &lt; 0.001), while HDL-cholesterol decreased slightly in both FO Groups, significantly (p &lt; 0.001) between Non-Ovx + FO versus Non-Ovx + CO. Interleukin 6 was reduced in both FO Groups, indicating the anti-inflammatory effect of fish oil consumption, which was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001) between Non-Ovx + FO versus Non-Ovx + CO. Interleukin 10, TNF-\u03b1, and RANKL displayed non-significant changes. Conclusions: Among the skeletal and blood parameters studied, several, but not all, demonstrated a mild to significant beneficial effect of four-month fish oil consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T05:06:53Z","timestamp":1732597613000},"page":"4046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fish Oil Consumption: Its Effects on Bone and Blood Parameters of the Ovariectomized Rat Model of Osteopenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System \u201cTh. Garofalides\u201d, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavlos P.","family":"Lelovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System \u201cTh. Garofalides\u201d, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Galanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System \u201cTh. Garofalides\u201d, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Venetsanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Intensive Care Unit, KAT Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Passali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System \u201cTh. Garofalides\u201d, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7193-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Patsaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System \u201cTh. Garofalides\u201d, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8958-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Pitidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Evangelismos Athens General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3246-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros K.","family":"Kourkoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Physics, Department of Mechanics, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2440-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismene A.","family":"Dontas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System \u201cTh. Garofalides\u201d, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2000). Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. NIH Consens. Statement, 17, 1\u201345."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0920-3","article-title":"Excess Mortality Following Hip Fracture: A Systematic Epidemiological Review","volume":"20","author":"Abrahamsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e10507","article-title":"Refracture and Mortality Following Hospitalization for Severe Osteoporotic Fractures: The Fractos Study","volume":"5","author":"Roux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res. 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