{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:44:36Z","timestamp":1788291876446,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"University of Leeds and the China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202008340085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202008340085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To provide a systematic and quantitative summary of dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis included prospective cohort studies from 2000 to 2024 reporting relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for RA incidence relating to 32 different dietary exposures. Linear and non-linear dose\u2013response analyses were conducted. Thirty studies were included, involving 2,986,747 participants with 9,677 RA cases. Linear dose\u2013response analysis suggested that each 2-unit per week increase in total alcohol intake was linked to 4% risk reduction (RR (95%-CI), heterogeneity (I2), NutriGrade score: 0.96 (0.94, 0.98), 58%, moderate certainty), and beer consumption was associated with a 10% reduction per 2 units\/week increase (0.90 (0.84, 0.97), 0%, very low certainty). Each 2-unit\/week increase in total alcohol intake was associated with a 3% decrease in seropositive RA risk (0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 28%, moderate certainty). Increased intakes of fruit (per 80 g\/day) and cereals (per 30 g\/day) were associated with 5% (0.95 (0.92, 0.99), 57%, moderate certainty) and 3% (0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 20%, moderate certainty) reduced risk, respectively. Conversely, tea consumption showed a 4% increased risk per additional cup\/day (1.04 (1.02, 1.05), 0%, moderate certainty). Non-linear associations were observed for total coffee, vegetables, oily fish, and vitamin D supplementation. Data on dietary patterns and specific micronutrients were limited. The findings suggest that moderate alcohol consumption and a higher intake of fruits, oily fish, and cereals are associated with a reduced risk of RA, while tea and coffee may be linked to an increased risk. Optimising dietary intake of certain food components may reduce RA risk, despite moderate-quality evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T09:10:14Z","timestamp":1732612214000},"page":"4050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dose\u2013Response Associations Between Diet and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4338-541X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6999-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3782-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinwe","family":"Uzokwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5039-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Hardie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Population Sciences, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3421-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Cade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102392","article-title":"An overview of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"110","author":"Huizinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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