{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:19:20Z","timestamp":1792793960113,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, it has become clear that the gut is more than just a digestive organ; it also functions as an immune organ with regulatory capabilities and acts as a \u201csecond brain\u201d that influences brain function due to the presence and regulatory roles of the gut microbiota (GM). The GM is a crucial component of its host and significantly impacts human health. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been closely linked to various diseases, including gastrointestinal, neurological, psychiatric, and metabolic disorders. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the roles of the GM in maintaining metabolic health. Sleep is a vital biological necessity, with living organisms having evolved an internal sleep\u2013wake rhythm that aligns with a roughly 24 h light\/dark cycle, and this is known as the circadian rhythm. This cycle is essential for tissue repair, restoration, and overall optimal body functioning. Sleep irregularities have become more prevalent in modern society, with fast-paced lifestyles often disrupting normal sleep patterns. Urban living factors, such as fast food consumption, shift work, exposure to artificial light and nighttime noise, medications, and social activities, can adversely affect circadian rhythms, with dysbiosis being one of the many factors incriminated in the etiology of sleep disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T10:00:58Z","timestamp":1732615258000},"page":"4057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Back to Roots: Dysbiosis, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea\u2014Is There an Objective Connection? A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Diana Cristina","family":"Protasiewicz-Timofticiuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"B\u0103descu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Mo\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1159-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela Gabriela","family":"\u0218tefan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calafat Municipal Hospital, 205200 Calafat, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5310-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"Mitrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Clenciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ion Cristian","family":"Efrem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Magdalena","family":"Ro\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Midwives and Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice Elena","family":"Vladu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora Claudia","family":"Gheonea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Mo\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6133-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela Mihaela","family":"Vladu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, G., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, G., Wang, X., Liang, F., Lai, W., Xiao, X., and Zhu, Q. 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